English

Standard English vocabulary, numerals and quotations for comparison with other languages


English spelling is so odd because it is a relic from the Middle Ages. For example, the last time the k- and the -gh- in "knight" were pronounced would have been around 1400. Printing was invented about that time and the printers chose to stay with the traditional spelling even though it was no longer applicable. English grammar has been worn away over the centuries, resulting in a more simplified system for nouns, adjectives, verbs and articles. English has only the one word for "the", while German has six (der, die, das, den, des and dem).

1. brother           1. yes           1. How much is that?   
2. sister           2. no           2. Where do I pay?   
3. son           3. please           3. To understand   
4. daughter           4. thank you           4. I understand   
5. father                     5. I don’t understand   
6. mother           1. Sunday           6. I know   
          2. Monday           7. I don’t know   
1. spring           3. Tuesday             
2. summer           4. Wednesday           1. I am   
3. autumn           5. Thursday           2. you are   
4. winter           6. Friday             
          7. Saturday           3. he is   
1. horse                     she is   
2. dog           1. town           it is   
3. cat           2. village           1. we are   
4. cow           3. street           2. you are   
5. bull           4. square             
6. pig           5. bridge           3. they are   
7. sheep           6. house             
8. wolf           7. garden             
9. mouse           8. church             
10. bird           9. school           1. one   
11. goose           10. station           2. two   
12. fish                     3. three   
                    4. four   
1. bread           1. black           5. five   
2. apple           2. white           6. six   
3. nut           3. blue           7. seven   
4. salt           4. green           8. eight   
5. pepper           5. yellow           9. nine   
6. honey           6. red           10. ten   
7. milk                     11. eleven   
8. butter           1. to see           12. twelve   
9. cheese           2. to hear           13. thirteen   
10. water           3. to eat           20. twenty   
11. wine           4. to drink           30. thirty   
12. beer           5. to sing           100. a hundred   
                      
1. mountain           1. name           1. hand   
2. sea           2. to write           2. foot   
3. lake           3. book           3. heart   
4. river           4. to speak           4. blood   
5. old           5. day           5. head   
6. new           6. night           6. eye   
7. ship           7. week           7. ear   
8. train           8. month           8. tooth   
9. bus           9. year           9. hair   
10. harbor / harbour*           10. and           10. to sleep   
                      
1. January           7. July           1. sun   
2. February           8. August           2. moon   
3. March           9. September           3. star   
4. April           10. October           4. wind   
5. May           11. November           5. rain   
6. June           12. December           6. snow   
                    7. ice   
1. cold           1. hot           8. fire   
2. small           2. large           9. stone   
3. thin           3. thick           10. silver   
4. sour           4. sweet             
                      
1. mouth           1. to give           1. deaf   
2. tongue           2. to buy           2. deep   
3. word           3. to sit           3. full   
4. language           4. to read           4. young   
5. flower           5. market           5. good   
6. soap           6. door           6. king   


*Harbor in USA

*Harbour in Canada, Ireland, UK, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho, South Africa, Cameroon, Nigeria, Ghana, Liberia, Gibraltar, Falkland Islands, Guyana


* * * * * * * *

For God loved the world so much that he gave his only Son, so that everyone who believes in him will not perish but have eternal life. John 3,16

* * * * * * * *

1 Do not judge, so that you won’t be judged. 2 For you will be judged by the same standard with which you judge others, and you will be measured by the same measure you use. Matthew 7

* * * * * * * *

In everything, therefore, treat people the same way you want them to treat you. Matthew 7,12

* * * * * * * *

Love others as much as you love yourself. Matthew 22,39

* * * * * * * *

9 Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name, 10 your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. 11 Give us today our daily bread. 12 And forgive us our sins, as we have forgiven those who sin against us. 13 And don’t let us yield to temptation, but rescue us from the evil one. Matthew 6

* * * * * * * *


English is spoken in:

London
Birmingham
Edinburgh - Dùn Eideann
Glasgow - Glaschu
Leeds
Bradford
Kingston-upon-Hull
Liverpool
Manchester
Sheffield
Dublin - Baile Átha Cliath
Stoke-on-Trent
Nottingham
Leicester
Wolverhampton
Coventry
Cardiff - Caerdydd
Bristol


Early Modern English - Engliſh

1450 - 1650


For the first 4 decades of the 17th Century the old system of treating i- and -u- as consonants and v- as a vowel persisted. For example, "iumpe" (jump), "ouer" (over) and "vnder" (under). During the 17th Century, although spelling had been largely standardised (standardized in America), whether or not to use a final -e was still optional, e.g. wolfe/wolf, town/towne.

Speakers included William Shakespeare, the Pilgrim Fathers, Queen Elizabeth I, Francis Drake, Walter Raleigh, William Tyndale, King Henry VIII.

The most notable books were the King James Bible and the Works Of Shakespeare.


1. brother    brother        1. yea    yes          
2. ſiſter    sister        2. nay    no          
3. ſonne    son        3. if you pleaſe    please          
4. daughter    daughter        4. thanke you    thank you          
5. father    father                    
6. mother    mother        1. Sunday    Sunday          
          2. Monday    Monday          
1. Spring    spring        3. Tueſday    Tuesday          
2. Summer    summer        4. Wenſdaye    Wednesday          
3. Autome / Fall    autumn        5. Thurſday    Thursday          
4. Winter    winter        6. Friday    Friday          
          7. Saterday    Saturday          
1. horſe    horse                    
2. dogge    dog        1. towne    town          
3. cat    cat        2. village    village          
4. cow    cow        3. ſtreet    street          
5. bull    bull        4. ſquare    square          
6. pigg / hogg    pig        5. bridge    bridge          
7. ſheepe    sheep        6. houſe    house          
8. wolfe    wolf        7. garden / yard    garden          
9. mouſe    mouse        8. church    church          
10. bird    bird        9. ſchoole    school        1. one    one
11. gooſe    goose        10.           2. two    two
12. fiſh    fish                  3. three    three
                    4. foure    four
1. bread    bread        1. blacke    black        5. fiue    five
2. apple    apple        2. white    white        6. ſixe    six
3. nutt    nut        3. blew    blue        7. ſeuen    seven
4. ſalt    salt        4. greene    green        8. eight    eight
5. pepper    pepper        5. yellow    yellow        9. nine    nine
6. hony    honey        6. red    red        10. ten    ten
7. milke    milk                  11. eleuen    eleven
8. butter    butter        1. to ſee    to see        12. twelue    twelve
9. cheeſe    cheese        2. to heare    to hear        13. thirteen    thirteen
10. water    water        3. to eate    to eat        20. twentie    twenty
11. wine    wine        4. to drinke    to drink        30. thirtie    thirty
12. beere    beer        5. to ſing    to sing        100. an hundred    a hundred
                      
1. mountaine    mountain        1. name    name        1. hand    hand
2. ſea    sea        2. to write    to write        2. foote    foot
3. lake    lake        3. booke    book        3. heart    heart
4. riuer    river        4. to ſpeake    to speak        4. blood    blood
5. old    old        5. day    day        5. head    head
6. new    new        6. night    night        6. eye    eye
7. ſhippe    ship        7. weeke    week        7. eare    ear
8.           8. moneth    month        8. tooth    tooth
9.           9. yeare    year        9. hair    hair
10. harbour / harbor    harbour        10. and    and        10. to ſleepe    to sleep
                      
1. Ianuary    January        7. Iuly    July        1. Sunne    sun
2. February    February        8. Auguſt    August        2. Moone    moon
3. March    March        9. September    September        3. Starre    star
4. April    April        10. October    October        4. winde    wind
5. May    May        11. Nouember    November        5. rain    rain
6. Iune    June        12. December    December        6. ſnow    snow
                    7. ice    ice
1. colde    cold        1. hot    hot        8. fire    fire
2. little    small        2. great    large        9. ſtone    stone
3. thinne    thin        3. thicke    thick        10. ſiluer    silver
4. ſowre    sour        4. ſweete    sweet          
                      
1. mouth    mouth        1. to giue    to give        1. deafe    deaf
2. tongue    tongue        2. to buy    to buy        2. deepe    deep
3. worde    word        3. to ſit    to sit        3. full    full
4. language    language        4. to reade    to read        4. young    young
5. flower    flower        5. market    market        5. good    good
6. ſope    soap        6. doore    door        6. king    king


* * * * * * * *

For God ſo loued ye world, that he gaue his only begotten Sonne : that whoſoeuer beleeueth in him, ſhould not periſh, but haue euerlaſting life.

For God loved the world so much that he gave his only Son, so that everyone who believes in him will not perish but have eternal life. John 3,16

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1 Iudge not, that ye be not iudged. 2 For with what iudgment ye iudge, yee ſhall be iudged: and with what meaſure ye mete, it ſhall be meaſured to you againe.

1 Do not judge, so that you won’t be judged. 2 For you will be judged by the same standard with which you judge others, and you will be measured by the same measure you use. Matthew 7

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Therefore all things whatſoeuer ye would that men ſhould doe to you, doe ye euen ſo to them.

In everything, therefore, treat people the same way you want them to treat you Matthew 7,12

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Thou ſhalt loue thy neighbour as thy ſelfe.

Love others as much as you love yourself. Matthew 22,39

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9 Our father which art in heauen, hallowed be thy name. 10 Thy kingdome come. Thy will be done, in earth, as it is in heauen. 11 Giue vs this day our daily bread. 12 And forgiue vs our debts, as we forgiue our debters. 13 And lead vs not into temptation, but deliuer vs from euill.

9 Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name, 10 your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. 11 Give us today our daily bread. 12 And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. 13 And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one. Matthew 6

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Early Modern English was spoken in:

London
Dover
Bristoll (Bristol)
Exester (Exeter)
Oxford
Cambridge
Leverpole (Liverpool)
Lancastre (Lancaster)
York
Duresme (Durham)
Carlisle
Edenburg (Edinburgh)
Plymouth
New Haven
Nieuw Amsterdam (New York)
Jamestown



Some Approximate Pronunciations
Early Modern English as in was pronounced as in UK English
h- heare; hand [silent] honour
ſ-; -ſ- ſpeake; cheeſe s; z speak; cheese
-u- nutt; sunne -u- full; push
-u- riuer; giue -v- river; give
v- vs u full; push
i- iudge; Iuly j- judge; July


Middle English - Englyſſh

1150 - 1450


In the 300 years after Normandy conquered England, the English language was transformed from a Germanic language similar in nature to German or Dutch, to a hybrid of English, Norse and French. Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) had now become Middle English.

Old English had a complex grammar, much of which was discarded in the next 300 years, during which time Norman French was the language of prestige in England. Old English had its own spelling rules and its unique version of the Roman alphabet. Middle English, on the other hand, spelt English words using French spelling rules and discarded some of the original Old English letters. French-speaking scribes wrote English "þ" as "th", "ð" also as "th", "ƿ" as "w" and "æ" as "a".

The letter "ƽ" presented a problem. Sometimes it was pronounced as a hard "g" as in "ƽos" (goose) and then the scribes used their letter "g". Sometimes it was used for the consonant "y" as in "ƽear" (year). For that the scribes modified "ƽ" to "ȝ". The letter "ȝ" in time also came to be used for the throaty sound in "dohtor" (daughter) giving "douȝter". This became the "gh" which causes so many problems in Modern English spelling.

The invention of printing brought the use of "þ", "ð", "ƿ", "æ" and "ȝ" to an end because printers usually didn’t have the means to print them.

Because the 14th century was a time of change, alternative spellings are shown for some of the following words.

Speakers included Geoffrey Chaucer, John Wycliffe and William Langland.


1. brother, broþer    brother        1. yea, ȝea    yes          
2. ſiſter    sister        2. nay    no          
3. ſone    son        3. bi þi leue    please          
4. doughter, douȝter    daughter        4.             
5. fader    father                    
6. moder    mother        1. Sonneday    Sunday          
          2. Moneday    Monday          
1. lenten    spring        3. Teweſday    Tuesday          
2. ſomer    summer        4. Wedneſday    Wednesday        1. I am    I am
3. autumpne    autumn        5. Thoreſday, Þoreſday    Thursday        2. thou art, þou art    you are (sing.)
4. wynter    winter        6. Fryday    Friday          
          7. Saterday    Saturday        3. he is    he is
1. hors    horse                  ſhe is    she is
2. hound    dog        1. toun    town        it is    it is
3. cat    cat        2. village    village        1. we be    we are
4. cowe    cow        3. ſtrete    street        2. ye be, ȝe be    you are (plur.)
5. bole    bull        4.             
6. ſwyne    pig        5. brigge    bridge        3. they be, þey be    they are
7. ſchepe    sheep        6. hous    house          
8. wolf    wolf        7. gardyn    garden          
9. mous    mouse        8. chirche    church          
10. foul    bird        9. ſcole    school        1. oon    one
11. goos    goose        10.           2. two    two
12. fyſſh    fish                  3. thre, þre    three
                    4. fowre    four
1. bred    bread        1. blake    black        5. fiue    five
2. appel    apple        2. whyte    white        6. ſyxe    six
3. note    nut        3. blewe    blue        7. ſeuen    seven
4. ſalt    salt        4. grene    green        8. eyghte, eȝte    eight
5. peper    pepper        5. yelowe, ȝelowe    yellow        9. nyne    nine
6. hony    honey        6. rede    red        10. ten    ten
7. mylk    milk                  11. enleuene    eleven
8. butter    butter        1. to ſene    to see        12. twelue    twelve
9. cheſe    cheese        2. to here    to hear        13. threttene, þrettene    thirteen
10. water    water        3. to ete    to eat        20. twenty    twenty
11. wyne    wine        4. to drynke    to drink        30. thritty, þritty    thirty
12. bere    beer        5. to ſyngyn    to sing        100. an hundred    a hundred
                      
1. mount    mountain        1. name    name        1. hand    hand
2. ſee    sea        2. to writen    to write        2. fote    foot
3. lake    lake        3. boke    book        3. herte    heart
4. ryuere    river        4. to ſpeke    to speak        4. blode    blood
5. olde    old        5. day    day        5. heued    head
6. newe    new        6. nyght, nyȝt    night        6. eyghe, eiȝe    eye
7. ſchip    ship        7. wyke    week        7. ere    ear
8.           8. moneth, moneþ    month        8. tothe, toþ    tooth
9.           9. yeer, ȝeer    year        9. here    hair
10. hauen    harbour        10. and    and        10. to ſlepe    to sleep
                      
1. Ianuarie    January        7. Iuyl    July        1. ſonne    sun
2. Februari    February        8. augſt    August        2. mone    moon
3. Marche    March        9. ſeptembre    September        3. ſterre    star
4. Aprille    April        10. octobre    October        4. wynd    wind
5. May    May        11. nouembre    November        5. reyn    rain
6. Iune    June        12. Decembre    December        6. ſnow    snow
                    7. yſe    ice
1. colde    cold        1. hoot    hot        8. fyre    fire
2. litel    small        2. greet    large        9. ſtoon    stone
3. thynne, þynne    thin        3. thykke, þykke    thick        10. ſiluer    silver
4. ſoure    sour        4. ſwete    sweet          
                      
1. mouth, mouþ    mouth        1. to yeue, to ȝeue    to give        1. defe    deaf
2. tonge    tongue        2. to begge    to buy        2. deepe    deep
3. word    word        3. to ſitte    to sit        3. ful    full
4. ſpeche    language        4. to rede    to read        4. yong, ȝong    young
5. flour    flower        5. market    market        5. good    good
6. ſope    soap        6. dore    door        6. kyng    king


* * * * * * * *

For god louede ſo þe world / þat he ȝaf his oon bigetun ſone / þat ech man þat bileueþ in him periſche not / but haue euerlaſtynge lijf.

For God loved the world so much that he gave his only Son, so that everyone who believes in him will not perish but have eternal life. John 3,16

* * * * * * * *

1 Nyle ȝe deme / þat ȝe be nat demyd; 2 for in what dome ȝe demen / ȝe ſchulen ben demyd / and in what meſure ȝe meten / it ſchal be meten aȝen to ȝou.

1 Do not judge, so that you won’t be judged. 2 For you will be judged by the same standard with which you judge others, and you will be measured by the same measure you use. Matthew 7

* * * * * * * *

Þerfor alle þingis / what euere þingis ȝee wolen þat men don to ȝou / do ȝe to hem.

In everything, therefore, treat people the same way you want them to treat you Matthew 7,12

* * * * * * * *

Þou ſchalt loue þi neiȝebore as þi ſelf.

Love others as much as you love yourself. Matthew 22,39

* * * * * * * *

9 Oure fadir þat art in heuenes / halewid be þi name; 10 þi kyngdoom come to; be þi wille don in erþe as in heuene; 11 ȝyue to vs þis day oure breed ouer oþir ſubſtaunce; 12 and forȝyue to vs oure dettis / as we forȝyuen to oure dettouris; 13 and lede vs not in to temptacioun / but delyuere vs fro yuel.

9 Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name, 10 your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. 11 Give us today our daily bread. 12 And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. 13 And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one. Matthew 6

* * * * * * * *


Middle English was spoken in:

Lunden (London)
Brestol (Bristol)
York
Norwiche (Norwich)
Oxenford (Oxford)
Shrovesbury (Shrewsbury)
Caunterbury (Canterbury)
Gloster (Gloucester)
Winchestre (Winchester)



Some Approximate Pronunciations
14C Middle English as in was pronounced as in UK English
h- here; hand h- hear; hand
ſ-; -ſ- ſpeke; cheſe s; z speak; cheese
-u- ryuere; fiue -v- river; five
v- vs u full; push
i- Ianuarie; Iuyl j- January; July
th; þ thre; þre th thin or then randomly
broþer; brother brother or broth
ȝ- ȝeer; ȝong y- year; young
-gh-; -ȝ- nyght; nyȝt -ch- Scots loch
ou toun; mous oo cool


Old English - Enƽliſc

650 - 1150

Here we see English in its earliest written form. In the early years of the English settlement of Britain by Angles, Saxons and Jutes from the north German coastal regions and from Jutland, the Celts who already dwelt in Britain were Christians. The English invaders worshipped their pagan gods, such as Woden. Then, in 597 AD, Pope Gregory sent Augustine from his priory in Rome to the Kingdom of Kent in England to preach the Gospel of Christianity to King Æthelberht. Æthelberht soon converted to Christianity and the Kingdom of Kent in time followed his example.

Monasteries were established and English monks, assisted by their brothers from Rome, learnt Latin and began copying the various religious books they would need. These were written in Latin and the English monks began to find it useful to compile Latin - English dictionaries, called glossaries, to help them with their work. Several of these have survived, including the Leiden Glossary, the Erfurt Glossary, the Épinal Glossary and the Corpus Glossary. These have been dated to between 650 and 710 AD.

Some of the sounds of Old English were alien to Latin, so the English monks had to devise ways of spelling them. For the "th" of "thin" they used "th", while for the "th" of "then" they used "d" with a dash through it, "ð". Sometimes "d" was employed for both pronunciations of "th". For the throaty sound similar to modern Scots "loch" (lake), at first they used "c" and later "h" ("naect", "naeht" = night). For "w" they used "u" or "uu" as a consonant at first, but later they used "ƿ" which was derived from the old runic symbol ᚹ.

In the 9th Century the use of the letter þ for the sound of "th" in "thin" was becoming widespread, though later it was used for the "th" in "then" as well. It was based on the ancient rune ᚦ. During the Middle Ages the shape of the letter changed so much that it came to closely resemble the letter "y". By 1600 the words "The olde Shoppe" (the old shop) were sometimes written as "Ye olde Shoppe" or "Ye olde Shoppe", though still pronounced with a "th".

The West Saxon dialect of Old English had come to dominate over the other dialects and its spelling was remarkably standardised for the time.

By the time Alfred ascended to the throne of Wessex in 871 AD, Danish viking attacks on English monasteries, the centres of learning, had reduced education in England to a sorry state. Alfred was determined to remedy this. He encouraged his subjects to learn Latin and to read and write the English language correctly. By his command well-known Latin books were translated into English and the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" was started.

From the middle of the 9th Century to the middle of the 11th (1066 to be precise), the Old English language had been largely standardised, at least compared to other medieval languages. The dialect of Wessex became "Old English", even though variant dialects were spoken, and written, in Northumbria, Mercia and Kent.

Speakers of Old English included King Ethelred II (or Ethelred the Unready, where Æthel-ræd = "wisely-advised", but Un-ræd = "un-advised"), King Edward the Confessor, King Harold II, King Edward the Elder, King Edward the Martyr, King Edgar, King Alfred the Great, King Egbert of Wessex, King Æthelberht of Kent, Caedmon and The Venerable Bede.


1. broðor    brother        1. ƽea    yes          
2. ſƿeoſtor    sister        2. na    no          
3. ſunu    son        3.             
4. dohtor    daughter        4.             
5. fæder    father                    
6. modor    mother        1. ſunnandæƽ    Sunday          
          2. monandæƽ    Monday          
1. lencten    spring        3. tiƿeſdæƽ    Tuesday          
2. ſumer    summer        4. ƿodneſdæƽ    Wednesday        1. ic eom    I am
3. hærfeſt    autumn        5. þunreſdæƽ    Thursday        2. þu eart    you are (sing.)
4. ƿinter    winter        6. friƽedæƽ    Friday          
          7. ſæterndæƽ    Saturday        3. he iſ    he is
1. horſ    horse                  heo iſ    she is
2. hund    dog        1. burƽ    town        hit iſ    it is
3. catt    cat        2. ƿic    village        1. ƿe ſint, ƿit ſint    we all are, we both are
4. cu    cow        3. ſtræt    street        2. ƽe ſint, ƽit ſint    you all are, you both are
5.           4.             
6. ſƿin    pig        5. brycƽ    bridge        3. hie ſint    they are
7. ſceap    sheep        6. huſ    house          
8. ƿulf    wolf        7. orceard    garden          
9. muſ    mouse        8. cirice    church          
10. fuƽol    bird        9. ſcole    school        1. an, an, an    one (msc., fem., ntr.)
11. ƽoſ    goose        10.           2. tƿeƽen, tƿa, tuu    two (m., f., n.)
12. fiſc    fish                  3. þri, þreo, þreo    three (m., f., n.)
                    4. feoƿer    four
1. hlaf    bread        1. blæc    black        5. fif    five
2. æppel    apple        2. hƿit    white        6. ſyx    six
3. hnutu    nut        3. blæƿen    blue        7. ſeofon    seven
4. ſealt    salt        4. ƽrene    green        8. eahta    eight
5. pipor    pepper        5. ƽeolƿe    yellow        9. niƽon    nine
6. huniƽ    honey        6. read    red        10. ten    ten
7. meolc    milk                  11. endlufan    eleven
8. butere    butter        1. ſeon    to see        12. tƿelf    twelve
9. cieſe    cheese        2. hyran    to hear        13. þreotyne    thirteen
10. ƿæter    water        3. etan    to eat        20. tƿentiƽ    twenty
11. ƿin    wine        4. drincan    to drink        30. þritiƽ    thirty
12. beor    beer        5. ſinƽan    to sing        100. hund    a hundred
                      
1. beorƽ    mountain        1. nama    name        1. hand    hand
2. ſæ    sea        2. ƿritan    to write        2. fot    foot
3. mere    lake        3. boc    book        3. heorte    heart
4. flod    river        4. ſprecan    to speak        4. blod    blood
5. eald    old        5. dæƽ    day        5. heafod    head
6. niƿe    new        6. neaht    night        6. eaƽe    eye
7. ſcip    ship        7. ƿice    week        7. eare    ear
8.           8. monað    month        8. toð    tooth
9.           9. ƽear    year        9. hær    hair
10. hæfen    harbour        10. and    and        10. ſlepan    to sleep
                      
1. æftera ƽeola    January        7. æftera liða    July        1. ſunne    sun
2. ſolmonað    February        8. ƿeodmonað    August        2. mona    moon
3. hreðmonað    March        9. haliƽmonað    September        3. ſteorra    star
4. eaſtermonað    April        10. ƿinterfylleð    October        4. ƿind    wind
5. þrimilcemonað    May        11. blotmonað    November        5. reƽn    rain
6. ærra liða    June        12. ærra ƽeola    December        6. ſnaƿ    snow
                    7. iſ    ice
1. ceald    cold        1. hat    hot        8. fyr    fire
2. lytel    small        2. micel    large        9. ſtan    stone
3. þynne    thin        3. þicce    thick        10. ſeolfor    silver
4. ſur    sour        4. ſƿete    sweet          
                      
1. muð    mouth        1. ƽiefan    to give        1. deaf    deaf
2. tunƽe    tongue        2. bycƽan    to buy        2. deop    deep
3. ƿord    word        3. ſittan    to sit        3. full    full
4. ſpræc    language        4. rædan    to read        4. ƽeonƽ    young
5. bloſtma    flower        5. ceapſtoƿ    market        5. ƽod    good
6. ſape    soap        6. duru    door        6. cyninƽ    king


* * * * * * * *

Ƽod lufode middaneard ſƿa þæt he ſealde hiſ ancennendan ſunu . þæt nan ne forƿurðe þe on hine ƽelyfð . ac hæbbe þæt ece lif.

For God loved the world so much that he gave his only Son, so that everyone who believes in him will not perish but have eternal life. John 3,16

* * * * * * * *

1 Nellen ƽe deman þæt ƽe ne ſyn fordemede; 2 Ƿitodlice þam ylcan dome þe ƽe demað eoƿ byð ƽedemed; and on ðam ylcan ƽemete þe ƽe metaþ . eoƿ byþ ƽemeten.

1 Do not judge, so that you won’t be judged. 2 For you will be judged by the same standard with which you judge others, and you will be measured by the same measure you use. Matthew 7

* * * * * * * *

Eornuſtlice ealle þa þinƽ ðe ƽe ƿyllen þæt men eoƿ don; doþ ƽe him þæt ſylfe.

In everything, therefore, treat people the same way you want them to treat you Matthew 7,12

* * * * * * * *

Lufa þinne nehſtan ſƿa ſƿa þe ſylfne.

Love others as much as you love yourself. Matthew 22,39

* * * * * * * *

9 Fæder ure þu þe eart on heofonum . Si þin nama ƽehalƽod. 10 To becume þin rice . Ƽeƿurðe þin ƿilla on eorðan ſƿa ſƿa on heofonum . 11 urne ƽedæƽhƿamlican hlaf ſyle uſ to dæƽ . 12 and forƽyf uſ ure ƽyltaſ ſƿa ſƿa ƿe forƽyfað urum ƽyltendum . 13 and ne ƽelæd þu uſ on coſtnunƽe ac alyſ uſ of yfele.

9 Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name, 10 your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. 11 Give us today our daily bread. 12 And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. 13 And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one. Matthew 6

* * * * * * * *


Old English was spoken in:

Lundene (London)
Wintanceaster (Winchester)
Eferwic (York)
Norðwic (Norwich)
Lindcylene (Lincoln)
Þeotford (Thetford)
Oxnaforda (Oxford)



Some Approximate Pronunciations
Old English as in was pronounced as in UK English
a hand; stan aw; a lawn; palm
æ sæt; dæd a; ai sat; afraid
c-a-; c-o-; c-u- catt; corn; cuman c- cat; corn; come
c-consonant cneow k + consonant k-nee (no silent letters in O.Eng.)
ce-; ci-; -ic cese; cirice; ic ke-; ki-; -ick keys; kirk; thick (before about 800AD)
ce-; ci-; -ic cese; cirice; ic che-; chu-; -itch cheese; church; itch (after about 800AD)
cg brycg dg bridge
ð cweðan; ðynne th bathe or thin randomly
f-; -f fyr; deaf f fire; deaf
vowel -f- vowel ofer -v- over
ƽ-a-; ƽ-o-; ƽ-u- ƽat; ƽold; ƽuma g- goat; gold; (bride)groom
ƽe-; ƽi- ƽeolca; ƽiet y- yolk; yet
h- hyran; hand h- hear; hand
-h- niht -ch- Scots loch
i sittan; min i; ea sit; mean
o God; god o; oa God; goad
ſ ſeofon; freoſan s; z seven; freeze
þ cweþan; þynne th bathe or thin randomly
u full; hus u; oo full; goose
ƿ- ƿæter w- water
y þynne ü, u German über
French lune
Notes
"g" = O.Eng. "ƽ"
"s" = "ſ"
"th" = "ð" and "þ"
"w" = "ƿ"

The vocabulary and the quotations use
the Old English letters for reasons of
accuracy and for comparison with
Midddle English


My other websites:
Languages of the World
New Nutshell
Christianity in a Nutshell


My wife's websites:
Meaning of Life
Bits




I wanted to share with you why I think Christianity is such a great religion. A person who lives to 70 has a life of 613,200 hours. Christianity promises that the next life will be in ideal surroundings with friendly, happy people. There will be perfect health and no crime. Of course you’re free to reject it.

Isn’t it worth, though, spending at least part of one of your 613,200 hours just checking it out. Then if you reject it, at least you’ll have made an informed decision. Is it just possible that your world view could be wrong and Christianity might actually be true? Where would that leave you if you choose to turn down the offer of eternal life?


These are some of my wife's thoughts and ideas:




From the Bible . . .

1

In the beginning, God created the universe. Genesis 1,1

Then God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light. Genesis 1,3

Is anything too difficult for the LORD? Genesis 18,14

God said to him in the dream, “Yes, I know you did it with a clear conscience.” Genesis 20,6

There the LORD set down laws and rules for them to live by and there he tested them. Exodus 15,25

    * * * * *

2

Respect your father and your mother. Exodus 20,12

You must not commit murder. Exodus 20,13

Be faithful in marriage. Exodus 20,14

You must not steal. Exodus 20,15

Do not follow the majority when they do wrong. Exodus 23,2

    * * * * *

3

Do not steal or cheat or lie. Leviticus 19,11

Do not spread lies about anyone. Leviticus 19,16

Don’t go for advice to people who consult the spirits of the dead. Leviticus 19,31

You must not bring disgrace on my holy name. Leviticus 22,2

Then the LORD said to Moses: “How long will these people reject me?” Numbers 14,11

    * * * * *

4

Anyone who sins defiantly is guilty of treating the LORD with contempt. Numbers 15,30

Never forget these commands that I am giving you today. Teach them to your children. Deuteronomy 6,6-7

Do not put the LORD your God to the test. Deuteronomy 6,16

Just as a parent corrects and punishes a child, the LORD your God disciplines you for your own good. Deuteronomy 8,5

He sent hardships on you to test you, so that in the end he could bless you with good things. Deuteronomy 8,16

    * * * * *

5

Watch out! You will be tempted to turn your backs on the LORD. Deuteronomy 11,16

Do not pay any attention to them. The LORD your God is using them to test you. Deuteronomy 13,3

Give generously to the poor, not grudgingly, and because of this the LORD your God will bless you. Deuteronomy 15,10

Give to them generously from what the LORD has blessed you with. Deuteronomy 15,14

Whoever accepts money to kill an innocent person will be cursed. Deuteronomy 27,25

    * * * * *

6

The command I am giving you today is not too difficult for you, or beyond your reach. Deuteronomy 30,11

You know it and can quote it, so now obey it. Deuteronomy 30,14

Be determined and confident. Do not be afraid of them. Your God, the LORD himself, will be with you. He will not fail you or abandon you. Deuteronomy 31,6

These teachings are not empty words; they are your very life. Deuteronomy 32,47

Be determined and confident! Do not be afraid or discouraged, for I, the LORD your God, am with you wherever you go. Joshua 1,9

    * * * * *

7

The LORD answered, “You can do it because I will help you.” Judges 6,16

I’ve been praying, pouring out my troubles to the LORD. 1 Samuel 1,15

I am your God, the one who rescues you from all your troubles and difficulties, but today you have rejected me. 1 Samuel 10,19

People judge by outward appearance, but God looks at what is in the heart. 1 Samuel 16,7

The LORD will reward those who are faithful and righteous. 1 Samuel 26,23

    * * * * *

8

In my trouble I called to the LORD; I called to my God for help. In his heavenly temple he heard my voice; he listened to my cry for help. 2 Samuel 22,7

O LORD, you are faithful to those who are faithful to you. 2 Samuel 22,26

You save those who are humble, but you humble those who are arrogant. 2 Samuel 22,28

You have devoted yourself completely to doing what is wrong in the LORD’s sight. 1 Kings 21,20

This is an easy thing for the LORD to do. 2 Kings 3.18

    * * * * *

9

They aroused the LORD’s anger with all their wicked deeds. 2 Kings 17,11

He disobeyed the LORD’s commands; he tried to find guidance by consulting the spirits of the dead rather than the LORD. 1 Chronicles 10,13-14

The LORD knows all our thoughts and desires. If you go to him, he will accept you. 1 Chronicles 28,9

Don’t fight against the LORD, God of your ancestors, because you can’t win! 2 Chronicles 13,12

The LORD is with you as long as you are with him. If you look for him, he will let you find him. 2 Chronicles 15,2

    * * * * *

10

The LORD keeps close watch over the whole world, to give strength to those whose hearts are loyal to him. 2 Chronicles 16,9

The LORD your God is kind and merciful, and if you return to him, he will accept you. 2 Chronicles 30,9

In his home in heaven God heard their prayers and responded favourably to them. 2 Chronicles 30,27

In his suffering he became humble, turned to the LORD his God, and begged him for help. 2 Chronicles 33,12

You alone are LORD; you made the heavens and the stars of the sky. You made land and sea and everything in them; you gave life to all. Nehemiah 9,6

    * * * * *

11

You are God, forgiving, compassionate and merciful, slow to anger, loving, kind and very patient. Nehemiah 9,17

The LORD asked, “Satan, where have you been?” Satan replied, “I have been going all over the earth.” Job 1,7

Satan left and infected Job with terrible boils from the soles of his feet to the crown of his head. Job 2,7

[God asked Job] “Were you there when I made the world? If you know so much, tell me about it.” Job 38,4

“Do you know the laws of the universe?” Job 38,33

    * * * * *

12

The LORD said to Job: “Do you still want to argue with the Almighty? You are God’s critic, but do you have the answers?” Job 40,1-2

Evil people are on the way to their doom. Psalms 1,6

When I was in distress, you helped me. Be kind to me now and hear my prayer. Psalms 4,1

The heavens declare the glory of God, and the sky displays his handiwork. Psalms 19,1

The LORD is my shepherd; I have all that I need. Psalms 23,1

    * * * * *

13

Don’t hold against me the sins of my youth or my rebellious ways; remember me according to your mercy, because of your goodness, LORD. Psalms 25,7

I prayed to the LORD and he answered me. He rescued me from all that I dread. Psalms 34,4

Don’t be envious of wrongdoers. They will soon disappear like grass that dries up; they will die like plants that wither. Psalms 37,1-2

Be patient and wait for the LORD to act. Psalms 37,7

Don’t give in to worry or anger; it can only bring harm. Psalms 37,8

    * * * * *

14

Good people are generous with their gifts. Psalms 37,21

I will be careful about what I do and will not let my tongue make me sin. Psalms 39,1

Leave your troubles with the LORD and he will take care of you. Psalms 55,22

This I know: God is on my side! Psalms 56,9

You have always been king and you existed before time began. Psalms 93,2

    * * * * *

15

As a father has compassion for his children, so the LORD has compassion for his faithful followers. Psalms 103,13

Heaven belongs to the LORD alone, but he gave the earth to mankind. Psalms 115,16

Children are a gift from the LORD; they are a real blessing. Psalms 127,3

You created every part of me; you put me together in my mother’s womb. Psalms 139,13

Whenever you possibly can, do good to those who need it. Proverbs 3,27

    * * * * *

16

Don’t say to your neighbour, “Go away and come back tomorrow and then I’ll help you” if you can help now. Proverbs 3,28

Don’t get sidetracked; keep your feet from following evil. Proverbs 4,27

Be faithful to your wife and give your love to her alone. Proverbs 5,15

Don’t correct an arrogant person; all you will get are insults. But if you correct a wise person, they will respect you. Proverbs 9,8

Righteous people know the kind thing to say, but the wicked are always saying things that hurt. Proverbs 10,32

    * * * * *

17

A righteous person cares about his animals, but the wicked are cruel. Proverbs 12,10

When a fool is annoyed, he quickly lets it be known. A wise person stays calm when insulted. Proverbs 12,16

Sensible people always think before they act. Proverbs 13,16

A kind answer turns away anger, but a harsh word stirs it up. Proverbs 15,1

You will be punished if you take pleasure in someone’s misfortune. Proverbs 17,5

    * * * * *

18

Do not say, “I’ll get even with you!” Wait for the LORD and he will vindicate you. Proverbs 20,22

Don’t envy sinners. Proverbs 23,17

Patient persuasion can break down the strongest resistance. Proverbs 25,15

Better to be poor and honest than rich and dishonest. Proverbs 28,6

Speak up for those who cannot speak for themselves, for the rights of all those who are being crushed. Proverbs 31,8

    * * * * *

19

Work hard at whatever you do. Ecclesiastes 9,10

How terrible it will be for those who call evil good and good evil. Isaiah 5,20

In quietness and in confidence shall be your strength. Isaiah 30,15

The LORD is compassionate, and as soon as he hears your cries for help, he will answer you. Isaiah 30,19

Whether you turn to the right or to the left, your ears will hear a voice behind you, saying, “This is the road! Now follow it.” Isaiah 30,21

    * * * * *

20

Look up at the evening sky! Who created the stars you see? Isaiah 40,26

Turn to me and be saved, people all over the world! I am the only God there is. Isaiah 45,22

The LORD said, “I was ready to answer my people’s prayers, but they did not pray.” Isaiah 65,1

I, the LORD, am giving you a choice between the way that leads to life and the way that leads to death. Jeremiah 21,8

I will not have pity on them; I will do to them what they have done to others. Ezekiel 9,10

    * * * * *

21

God loves you. Daniel 10,19

We are in darkness now, but the LORD will give us light. Micah 7,8

Don’t mistreat widows, or orphans, or foreigners who live among you, or anyone who is poor. Zechariah 7,10

Speak the truth to one another. Zechariah 8,16

You are to love both the truth and peace. Zechariah 8,19

    * * * * *

22

The crowds were asking him [John the Baptist], saying, “What then shall we do?” John replied, “If you have two shirts, give one to the poor. If you have food, share it with those who are hungry.” Luke 3,10-11

Jesus told him [the devil], “It is also written: ‘Do not put the Lord your God to the test.’” Matthew 4,7

Then Jesus told him, “Go away, Satan!” . . . and the devil left him. Matthew 4,10-11

Jesus went throughout Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, proclaiming the Good News about God’s Kingdom and healing every disease and sickness among the people. Matthew 4,23

Jesus and his disciples went to the town of Capernaum. Then on the next Sabbath he went into the synagogue and started teaching. The people were amazed at the way he taught, for he taught with real authority - quite unlike the teachers of religious law. Mark 1,21-22

    * * * * *

23

Jesus answered him,“God loved the world so much that he gave his only Son, so that everyone who believes in him will not perish but have eternal life.” John 3,16

Jesus began to teach them, saying: “Blessed are those who mourn, for they will be comforted.” Matthew 5,4

“Blessed are those who are merciful to others; God will be merciful to them.” Matthew 5,7

“Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called the children of God.” Matthew 5,9

“Blessed are those who are persecuted for doing what is morally right. They belong to the kingdom of heaven.” Matthew 5,10

    * * * * *

24

“Blessed are you when people mock you and persecute you and falsely tell all kinds of evil lies about you because you are my followers. Be glad and rejoice, because a great reward awaits you in heaven.” Matthew 5,11-12

“Blessed are you who are hungry now: You will have plenty to eat!” Luke 6,21

“If you reject even the least important of these commandments and teach others to do the same, you will be called least in the kingdom of heaven, but if you obey them and teach them to others, you will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.” Matthew 5,19

“But now I tell you: do not take revenge on someone who wrongs you. If anyone slaps you on the right cheek, let him slap your left cheek too.” Matthew 5,39

“If anyone forces you to go one mile with them, go two miles.” Matthew 5,41

    * * * * *

25

“Forgive us our sins, as we have forgiven those who have sinned against us.” Matthew 6,12

“Don’t store up treasures here on earth, where moths eat them and rust destroys them and where thieves break in and steal. Instead, store up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where moths and rust cannot destroy and thieves do not break in and steal.” Matthew 6,19-20

“In my Father’s house [heaven] there are many mansions. If it were not so, would I have told you that I am going there to prepare a place for you?” John 14,2

“Do not worry about tomorrow: tomorrow will take care of itself.” Matthew 6,34

“Do not judge others, so that God will not judge you, for God will judge you in the same way you judge others and he will apply to you the same rules you apply to others.” Matthew 7,1-2

    * * * * *

26

“Keep asking and you will receive. Keep searching and you will find. Keep knocking and the door will be opened to you.” Matthew 7,7

“Would any of you give your hungry child a stone, if the child asked for some bread? Would you give your child a snake if they asked for a fish? So if you sinful people know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your heavenly Father give good gifts to those who ask him.” Matthew 7,9-11

“Treat people the same way you would like them to treat you.” Matthew 7,12

“Satan has received permission to test all of you, to separate the good from the bad, as a farmer separates the wheat from the chaff.” Luke 22,31

“You can enter God’s Kingdom only through the narrow gate. The highway to hell is broad and its gate is wide for the many who choose that way.” Matthew 7,13

    * * * * *

27

“Someone who unknowingly does things worthy of punishment will be punished only lightly.” Luke 12,48

Anyone who sins defiantly is guilty of treating the LORD with contempt. Numbers 15,30

“They will be thrown into the outer darkness where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.” Matthew 8,12

“If you do good only to those who do good to you, why should you receive a blessing? Even sinners do that!” Luke 6,33

“Give to others, and God will give to you.” Luke 6,38

    * * * * *

28

“Those who declare before others here on earth that they belong to me, I will do the same for them before my Father in heaven. But those who reject me publicly, I will reject before my Father in heaven.” Matthew 10,32-33

The woman said, “I know that Messiah” (called Christ) “is coming. When he comes, he will explain everything to us.” Jesus said to her, “I am he, the one speaking to you.” John 4,25-26

“If you give even a cup of cold water to one of the least of my followers, you will certainly be rewarded.” Matthew 10,42

“Be happy that your names are written in heaven.” Luke 6,38

“Come to me, all you who are weary and are carrying heavy burdens and I will give you rest.” Matthew 11,28

    * * * * *

29

“I assure you, whoever hears my message and trusts in God who sent me has eternal life and will not be judged, but has already passed from death into life.” John 5,24

Then Jesus told them, “The Sabbath was made for people, not people for the Sabbath.” Mark 2,27

Immediately Jesus reached out his hand and took hold of him, saying, “You of little faith, why did you doubt me?” Matthew 14,31

When the Lord saw her, he had compassion on her and said, “Don’t cry.” Luke 7,13

“Dear woman,” Jesus said to her, “your faith is great. Your request is granted.” Matthew 15,28

    * * * * *

30

“I will never, never turn away anyone who comes to me,” John 6,37

“But what about you?” Jesus asked. “Who do you say I am?” Simon Peter answered, “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.” Matthew 16,15-16

Jesus said “Whoever looks at me is seeing the one who sent me.” John 12,45

“What good will it be for someone to gain the whole world, but lose their soul?” Matthew 16,26

“When someone has been given much, much will be required in return.” Luke 12,48

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31

Jesus said “The greatest love you can have for your friends is to give your life for them.” John 15,13

“For the Son of Man is going to come in his Father’s glory with his angels and then he will reward each person according to what they have done.” Matthew 16,27

After they gathered again in Galilee, Jesus told them, “The Son of Man is going to be betrayed into the hands of his enemies and they will kill him and he will be raised from death to life on the third day.” Matthew 17,22-23

As Jesus was walking along, he saw a man who had been born blind. His disciples asked Him, “Rabbi [Teacher], who sinned, this man or his parents, that he would be born blind?” Jesus answered, “His blindness has nothing to do with his sins or his parents’ sins.” John 9,2-3

“The thief [the devil] comes only in order to steal, kill, and destroy. I [Jesus] have come in order that you might have life - life in all its fullness.” John 10,10

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32

“The devil was a murderer from the beginning. He has never been truthful. He doesn’t know what the truth is. Whenever he tells a lie, he’s doing what comes naturally to him. He’s a liar and the father of lies.” John 8,44

Then Peter came to him and asked, “Lord, how often should I forgive someone who sins against me? Seven times?” “No, not seven times,” Jesus replied, “but seventy times seven!” Matthew 18,21-22

Jesus said, “Let the children come to me. Don’t stop them! For the Kingdom of Heaven belongs to people who are like these.” Matthew 19,14

Jesus looked at them intently and said, “Humanly speaking, it is impossible. But not with God. Everything is possible with God.” Mark 10,27

“Love your neighbour as you love yourself.” Matthew 22,39

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33

Jesus said, “If you love me, you will keep my commandments.” John 14,15

“You must be ready because the Son of Man [Jesus] will return when you least expect him.” Matthew 24,44

“Now I'm giving you a new commandment: love one another.” John 13,34

Then Satan entered the heart of Judas Iscariot. Luke 22,3

Then Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve disciples, went to the chief priests and asked,“How much will you pay me to betray Jesus to you?” They gave him thirty pieces of silver. Matthew 26,14-15

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34

As they were eating, Jesus took some bread and blessed it. Then he broke it in pieces and gave it to the disciples, saying, “Take this and eat it, for this is my body.” Matthew 26,26

And he took a cup of wine and gave thanks to God for it. He gave it to them and said, “Each of you drink from it, for this is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.” Matthew 26,27-28

[Jesus said to his accusers,] “Because I speak the truth, you do not believe me! Which one of you can prove that I am guilty of sin?” John 8,45-46

Pilate asked them, “What should I do then with Jesus, who is called the Messiah?” They all answered, “Crucify him!” “Why?” Pilate demanded. “What crime has he committed?” But the mob roared even louder, “Crucify him!” Matthew 27,22-23

Pilate saw that he wasn’t getting anywhere and that a riot was developing. So he sent for a bowl of water and washed his hands in front of the crowd, saying, “I am innocent of this man’s blood. The responsibility is yours!” Matthew 27,24

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35

When they came to the place that is called Calvary, there they crucified him along with the criminals, one on his right and one on his left. Luke 23,33

The soldiers nailed Jesus to a cross and gambled to see who would get his clothes. Matthew 27,35

Jesus said, “Father, forgive them, for they don’t know what they are doing.” Luke 23,34

One of the criminals who hung there hurled insults at him: “Aren’t you the Messiah? Save yourself and us!” Luke 23,39

The other one, however, rebuked him, saying, “Don’t you fear God even when you have been sentenced to die? We deserve to die for our crimes, but this man hasn’t done anything wrong.” Luke 23,40-41

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36

Then he said, “Jesus, remember me when you come as King.” Luke 23,42

Jesus said to him, “I promise you that today you will be with me in paradise.” Luke 23,43

Jesus cried out with a loud voice again and died. Matthew 27,50

One of the soldiers pierced Jesus’ side with a spear and immediately blood and water flowed out. John 19,34

Joseph [from Arimathea] took the body and wrapped it in a clean linen cloth. He placed it in his own new tomb, which had been carved out of the rock. Then he rolled a great stone across the entrance and left. Matthew 27,59-60

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37

They made the tomb secure by putting a seal on the stone and posting soldiers there to guard it. Matthew 27,66

Early on Sunday morning, as the new day was dawning, Mary Magdalene and the other Mary went out to see the tomb. Matthew 28,1

On the way they were asking each other, “Who will roll away the stone for us from the entrance to the tomb?” But when they looked up, they saw that the stone, which was very large, had been rolled away. Mark 16,3-4

As they entered the tomb, they saw a young man dressed in a white robe sitting on the right and they were alarmed. Mark 16,5

Then the angel spoke to the women. “Don’t be afraid!” he said. “I know you are looking for Jesus, who was crucified. He isn’t here! He is risen from the dead, just as he said would happen. Come, see where his body was lying. And now, go quickly and tell his disciples that he has risen from the dead and he is going ahead of you to Galilee. You will see him there. Remember what I have told you.” Matthew 28,5-7

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38

So the women hurried away from the tomb, afraid yet filled with joy and ran to tell his disciples. Suddenly Jesus met them. “Greetings,” he said. They came to him, clasped his feet and worshiped him. Then Jesus said, “Don’t be afraid! Tell my followers to go to Galilee. They will see me there.” Matthew 28,8-10

“Look at my hands and my feet and see that it's really me. Touch me, and see for yourselves. Ghosts don’t have flesh and bones, but you can see that I do.” Luke 24,39

That Sunday evening the disciples were meeting behind locked doors because they were afraid of the Jewish leaders. Suddenly Jesus was standing there among them! “Peace be with you.” he said.

Jesus told him, “You believe because you have seen me. Blessed are those who believe without seeing me.” John 20,29

Then the eleven disciples went to Galilee, to the mountain where Jesus had told them to go. Matthew 28,16

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39

Jesus came near and said to them, “All authority has been given to me in heaven and on earth. Go, then, to all peoples everywhere and make them my disciples.” Matthew 28,18-19

“Remember, I am with you always, to the end of the age.” Matthew 28,20

Philip ran up close and heard the man reading aloud from the book of Isaiah. Philip asked him, “Do you understand what you are reading?” The man replied, “How can I understand unless someone explains it to me?” Acts of the Apostles 8,30-31

The angel told him, “God is pleased with your prayers and works of charity.” Acts of the Apostles 10,4

It was at Antioch that the believers were first called Christians. Acts of the Apostles 11,26

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40

“I only want to complete my mission and finish the work that the Lord Jesus gave me to do, which is to proclaim the Good News about the grace of God.” Acts of the Apostles 10,4

Remember the words of the Lord Jesus: “It is more blessed to give than to receive.” Acts of the Apostles 20,35

“I always do my best to have a clear conscience before God and all people.” Acts of the Apostles 24,16

I have complete confidence in the gospel of Christ. Paul's Letter to the Romans 1,16

Everyone has sinned; we all fall short of God’s glorious standard. We receive God’s approval freely by an act of his kindness through the price Christ Jesus paid to set us free [from sin]. Paul's Letter to the Romans 3,23-24

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41

I consider that the sufferings of this present time are not worth comparing with the glory that is going to be revealed to us. Paul's Letter to the Romans 8,18

If you openly declare that Jesus is Lord and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved. Paul's Letter to the Romans 10,9

But how can they call on him to save them unless they believe in him? And how can they believe in him if they have never heard about him? And how can they hear about him unless someone tells them? Paul's Letter to the Romans 10,14

Even though we are many individuals, Christ makes us one body. Paul's Letter to the Romans 12,5

We are to use our different gifts for doing certain things well in accordance with the grace that God has given us. Paul's Letter to the Romans 12,6

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42

If it is sharing, be generous. If it is leadership, lead enthusiastically. If it is helping people in need, help them cheerfully. Paul's Letter to the Romans 12,8

Love sincerely. Hate evil. Hold on to what is good. Paul's Letter to the Romans 12,9

Rejoice in your confident hope, be patient in your trouble and be persistent in prayer. Paul's Letter to the Romans 12,12

Rejoice with those who are rejoicing, weep with those who are weeping. Paul's Letter to the Romans 12,15

Do everything possible on your part to live in peace with everybody. Paul's Letter to the Romans 12,18

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43

Conquer evil with good. Paul's Letter to the Romans 12,21

Who knows everything about a person except that person’s own spirit? In the same way, no one knows everything about God except God’s Spirit. Paul's 1st Letter to the Corinthians 2,11

When ridiculed, we bless; when persecuted, we endure; when slandered, we answer with kind words. Paul's 1st Letter to the Corinthians 4,12-13

The husband should fulfill his wife’s sexual needs and likewise the wife should fulfill her husband’s needs. Paul's 1st Letter to the Corinthians 7,3

Do not deprive each other, except by mutual consent and for a limited time. Paul's 1st Letter to the Corinthians 7,5

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44

God is compassionate and trustworthy; he will not allow you to be tested beyond what you can bear. But when you are tempted, he will also provide a way out so that you can endure it. Paul's 1st Letter to the Corinthians 10,13

Love is patient, love is kind. It is not jealous, or boastful, or arrogant. Paul's 1st Letter to the Corinthians 13,4

Love isn’t selfish or quick tempered. It doesn’t keep a record of wrongs. Paul's 1st Letter to the Corinthians 13,5

Love takes no pleasure in wrongdoing, but rejoices in the truth. Paul's 1st Letter to the Corinthians 13,6

Love is always supportive, loyal, hopeful, and trusting. Paul's 1st Letter to the Corinthians 13,7

Love is eternal. Paul's 1st Letter to the Corinthians 13,8

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45

The god of this world, Satan, has blinded the minds of the unbelieving, to prevent them from seeing the light of the gospel of the glory of Christ, who is the image of God. Paul's 2nd Letter to the Corinthians 4,4

We know that God, who raised the Lord Jesus from the dead, will raise us also. Paul's 2nd Letter to the Corinthians 4,14

Even though our physical being is gradually wasting away, our spiritual being is renewed day after day. Paul's 2nd Letter to the Corinthians 4,16

Our bodies are like tents that we live in here on earth. But when these tents are taken down when we die and leave this earthly body, we know that we will each be given an eternal body, a building from God, a house not made with hands, as a place to live. They are in heaven and will last forever. Paul's 2nd Letter to the Corinthians 5,1

Today is the day to be saved! Paul's 2nd Letter to the Corinthians 6,2

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46

In everything we do we show that we are God's servants by patiently enduring troubles, hardships and difficulties. Paul's 2nd Letter to the Corinthians 6,4

We are treated as liars, yet we speak the truth. Paul's 2nd Letter to the Corinthians 6,8

The person who plants few seeds will have a small crop; the one who plants many seeds will have a large crop. Paul's 2nd Letter to the Corinthians 9,6

God loves a cheerful giver. Paul's 2nd Letter to the Corinthians 9,7

Even Satan can disguise himself to look like an angel of light! Paul's 2nd Letter to the Corinthians 11,14

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47

I declare before God that what I am writing to you is the truth. Paul's Letter to the Galatians 1,20

God does not judge by outward appearances. Paul's Letter to the Galatians 2,6

Faith in Christ Jesus is what makes each of you equal with each other, whether you are a Jew or a Gentile, a slave or a free person, a man or a woman. Paul's Letter to the Galatians 3,28

The Holy Spirit produces love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and self-control. Paul's Letter to the Galatians 5,22-23

We must not become boastful, disparaging one another, or envying each other. Paul's Letter to the Galatians 5,26

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48

Carry each other’s burdens and in this way you will fulfill the law of Christ. Paul's Letter to the Galatians 6,2

Do your own work well and then you will have something to be proud of. But don’t compare yourself with anyone else. Paul's Letter to the Galatians 6,4

We must not get tired of doing good. Paul's Letter to the Galatians 6,9

The church is Christ’s body. Paul's Letter to the Ephesians 1,23

Always be humble and gentle. Be patient with each other, making allowance for each other’s faults. Paul's Letter to the Ephesians 4,2

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49

Don’t let the sun go down on your anger. Paul's Letter to the Ephesians 4,26

Be kind and compassionate to one another, forgiving each other, just as God has forgiven you through Christ. Paul's Letter to the Ephesians 4,32

Look out for one another’s interests, not just your own. Paul's Letter to the Philippians 2,4

We are citizens of heaven, where the Lord Jesus Christ lives. Paul's Letter to the Philippians 3,20

He will change our weak mortal bodies and make them like his own glorious resurrected body. Paul's Letter to the Philippians 3,21

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50

Don’t worry about anything; instead, pray about everything. Tell God what you need and thank him for all he has done. Paul's Letter to the Philippians 4,6

Christ is the visible likeness of the invisible God. Paul's Letter to the Colossians 1,15

Set your heart on what is in heaven, where Christ rules, sitting at the right hand of God. Paul's Letter to the Colossians 3,1

Be sympathetic, kind, humble, gentle and patient. Paul's Letter to the Colossians 3,12

Just as the Lord has forgiven you, so you also should forgive others. Paul's Letter to the Colossians 3,13

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51

Anyone who rejects this is not rejecting a human being, but God. Paul's 1st Letter to the Thessalonians 4,8

God was merciful to me because I didn’t yet have faith and so I didn’t know what I was doing. Paul's 1st Letter to Timothy 1,13

By ignoring their consciences, some people have destroyed their faith. Paul's 1st Letter to Timothy 1,19

Don’t participate in the sins of others. Paul's 1st Letter to Timothy 5,22

If you hear God speak today, don’t be stubborn. The Letter to the Hebrews 3,7

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52

Nothing is hidden from God! It is to him that we must all give an account of ourselves. The Letter to the Hebrews 4,13

Jesus understands every weakness of ours, because he was tempted in every way that we are. But he did not sin! The Letter to the Hebrews 4,15

Abraham waited patiently and he received what God had promised. The Letter to the Hebrews 6,15

Everyone must die once and after that face judgment. The Letter to the Hebrews 9,27

Remember those who are suffering, as though you were suffering as they are. The Letter to the Hebrews 13,3

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53

Keep your life free from the love of money. The Letter to the Hebrews 13,5

If you need wisdom you should ask God, who gives generously to all without finding fault, and it will be given to you. Letter from James 1,5

When you pray, ask in faith without doubting, for the one who doubts is like a wave of the sea, blown and tossed around by the wind. Letter from James 1,6

Blessed are those who endure when they are tested. Letter from James 1,12

Be quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry. Letter from James 1,19

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54

You must never treat people in different ways according to their outward appearance. Letter from James 2,1

What good is it if you say you have faith but don’t show it by your actions? Letter from James 2,14

Stand up against the devil and he will run away. Letter from James 4,7

Come close to God and God will come close to you. Letter from James 4,8

God will bless you if you have to suffer for doing something good. Peter's 1st Letter 2,20

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55

Do not repay evil with evil, or insult with insult. On the contrary, repay with a blessing. Peter's 1st Letter 3,9

Give all your worries and cares to God because he cares about you. Peter's 1st Letter 5,7

When we told you about the power and the return of our Lord Jesus Christ, we were not telling clever stories someone had made up. Rather, we witnessed his greatness with our own eyes. Peter's 2nd Letter 1,16

They attack with insults anything they do not understand. Peter's 2nd Letter 2,12

If we say we have not sinned, we are fooling ourselves and the truth is not in us. John's 1st Letter 1,8

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56

If we acknowledge our sins to God, he is faithful and just and will forgive us and cleanse us from every wrongdoing. John's 1st Letter 1,9

If we have all we need and see others in need, yet close our hearts against them, how can we claim that we love God? John's 1st Letter 3,17

Our love should not be just words and talk; it must be true love, which shows itself in action. John's 1st Letter 3,18

God wants us to have faith in his Son Jesus Christ and to love one another. John's 1st Letter 3,23

God’s commandments do not weigh us down. John's 1st Letter 5,2

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57

Do not imitate what is bad, but imitate what is good. John's 3rd Letter 1,11

Be kind to those who have doubts. Letter from Jude 1,22

Jesus says “I died, but now look, I am alive forever and ever!” Revelation 1,18

Jesus says “If you overcome, I will not blot your name out of the Book of Life; I will acknowledge your name before my Father and before his angels.” Revelation 3,5

Jesus says “I have opened a door for you that no one can close.” Revelation 3,8

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58

Jesus says “Here I am! I am standing at the door and knocking. If you hear my voice and open the door, I will come in and we will share a meal together as friends.” Revelation 3,20

I live by faith in Christ, the Son of God, who loved me and gave his life for me. Paul's Letter to the Galatians 2,20

For God made Christ, who never sinned, to be the offering for our sin, so Christ could make us acceptable to God. Paul's 2nd Letter to the Corinthians 5,21

Christ Jesus sacrificed himself for all people to free them from their sins. Paul's 1st Letter to Timothy 2,6

The next day John saw Jesus coming to him, and said, “There is the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world!” John 1,29

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59

The time is now! The kingdom of God has come near! Repent of your sins and believe in the Good News! Mark 1,15

Today is the day to be saved! Paul's 2nd Letter to the Corinthians 6,2

    * * * * *

If you openly declare that Jesus is Lord and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved. Paul's Letter to the Romans 10,9

60

God loved the world so much that he gave his only Son, so that everyone who believes in him will not perish but have eternal life. John 3,16



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