B ← A indicates that the word in language B has evolved directly
from a word in language A, or at least a very similar language. For
example, Persian did not evolve directly from Avestan, but the Old
Persian texts lack the more extensive vocabulary of the similar
Avestan language. Alternatively, the word could be borrowed
from another language. English is full of words borrowed from
Old French.
Abbreviations at bottom of page
* = hypothetical, reconstructed
GERMANIC
WEST GERMANIC
English
seven ← M.Eng. sevene ← O.Eng. seofon ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Scots
seiven ← M.Sc. sevin ← O.Nth. seofon ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Frisian
North Frisian
(Island)
soowen ← O.Fris. sowen, soven ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
North Frisian
(Helgoland)
seeben ← O.Fris. sowen, soven ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
North Frisian
(Mainland)
soowen ← O.Fris. sowen, soven ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
East Frisian
soogen ← O.Fris. sigun, soven ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
West Frisian
sân, sawn ← O.Fris. sawen, soven ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Dutch
zeven ← M.Du. seven ← O.Du. sivun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Afrikaans
sewe ← Dutch zeven ← M.Du. seven ← O.Du. sivun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Plattdeutsch
söben ← M.L.G. seven ← O.Sax. siƀun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
East Friesland Platt
söven ← M.L.G. seven ← O.Sax. siƀun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Kölsch (Cologne)
sibbe ← M.L.G. seven ← O.Sax. siƀun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Luxemburgish
siwen ← M.H.G. siben ← O.H.G. sibun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Moselle Platt Lorraine
siwwen ← M.H.G. siben ← O.H.G. sibun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Rhine Platt Lorraine
siwe ← M.H.G. siben ← O.H.G. sibun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
German
sieben ← M.H.G. siben ← O.H.G. sibun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Yiddish
sibben ← M.H.G. siben ← O.H.G. sibun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Alsace German
siwwe ← M.H.G. siben ← O.H.G. sibun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Swiss German
sibe ← M.H.G. siben ← O.H.G. sibun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Swabian
sieba ← M.H.G. siben ← O.H.G. sibun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Bavarian
siebn ← M.H.G. siben ← O.H.G. sibun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
NORTH GERMANIC
Icelandic
sjö ← O.N. sjau, *seau, *seaun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Faroese
sjey ← M.H.G. siben ← O.H.G. sibun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Norwegian (Nynorsk)
sju ← O.N. sjau, *seau, *seaun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Norwegian
sju, syv ← Rec.Dan. syv ← O.Dan. siu ← O.N. sjau, *seau, *seaun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Danish
syv ← Rec.Dan. syv ← O.Dan. siu ← O.N. sjau, *seau, *seaun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Swedish
sju ← O.Sw. siu ← O.N. sjau, *seau, *seaun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
EAST GERMANIC
Gothic (extinct)
sibun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
CELTIC
GOIDELIC
Irish
seacht ← Rec.Ir. seacht ← O.Ir. secht ← Pr.Clt. *sextam ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Scottish Gaelic
seachd ← O.Ir. secht ← Pr.Clt. *sextam ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Manx
shiaght ← O.Ir. secht ← Pr.Clt. *sextam ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
BRITTONIC
Welsh
saith ← E.Mod.W. saith ← M.W. seith ← Pr.Brit. *seth, *seht, *sext, *sextan ← Pr.Clt. *sextam ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Cornish
seyth ← K.K. seyth ← Uni.C. seyth ← Lt.C. seath ← M.C. seyth ← Pr.Brit. *seth, *seht, *sext, *sextan ← Pr.Clt. *sextam ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Breton
seizh ← Rec.Br. seiz ← M.Br. seiz ← O.Br. seith ← Pr.Brit. *seth, *seht, *sext, *sextan ← Pr.Clt. *sextam ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
GAULISH
Gaulish (extinct)
sextam ← Pr.Clt. *sextam ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
ROMANCE
WEST ROMANCE
Walloon
set ← O.Fr. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Picard
sèt ← O.Fr. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Guernsey French
saëpt ← O.N.F. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Jersey French
sept ← O.N.F. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Gallo
set ← O.Fr. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
French
sept ← O.Fr. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Haitian Creole
sèt ← French sept ← O.Fr. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Auvergnat
sèt ← O.Pr. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Gascon
sèt ← O.Pr. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Aranese
set ← O.Pr. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Aragonese
siete ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Asturian
siete ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Galician
sete ← O.Gal./Port. sete ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Portuguese
sete ← O.Gal./Port. sete ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Spanish
siete ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Valencian
set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Catalan
set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Occitan
sèt ← O.Prov. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Provençal
sèt ← O.Prov. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Francoprovençal
sèpt ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Romansch
set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Sursilvan Romansch
siat ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Sutsilvan Romansch
seat ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Surmiran Romansch
set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Upper Engadine Romansch
set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Lower Engadine Romansch
set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Ladin
set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Friulan
siet ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Monégasque
sete ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Ligurian
sette ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Piedmontese
set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Lombard
sètt ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Emilian
sèt ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Venetian
sete ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
ITALO-ROMANCE
Italian
sette ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Corsican
sétte ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Neapolitan
sette ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Sicilian
setti ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
DALMATIAN ROMANCE
Vegliot
sapto ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
BALKAN ROMANCE
Romanian
şapte ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
SOUTHERN ROMANCE
Sardinian
sette ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
GREEK
Greek
eftá ← Anc.Gk. hepta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
ANATOLIAN
Hittite (extinct)
siptam ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
ARMENIAN
Western Armenian
yotê ← O.Arm. eōt’n ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Eastern Armenian
yoth ← O.Arm. eōt’n ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
ALBANIAN
Albanian
shtatë ← Pr.Alb. *septati ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Kosovo Albanian
shtatë ← Pr.Alb. *septati ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
IRANIAN
Persian
haft ← Av. hapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Kurdish
heft ← Av. hapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Pashto
owa ← Av. hapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
INDIC
NORTHERN INDIC
Nepali
sat ← Pa. satta ← Skt. sapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
WESTERN INDIC
Romani
efta ← Pa. satta ← Skt. sapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Marathi
sāt ← Pa. satta ← Skt. sapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Gujarati
sāt ← Pa. satta ← Skt. sapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
CENTRAL INDIC
Hindi
sāt ← Pa. satta ← Skt. sapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Urdu
sat ← Pa. satta ← Skt. sapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
EASTERN INDIC
Bengali
shāt ← Pa. satta ← Skt. sapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
SOUTHERN INDIC
Sinhalese
hat ← Pa. satta ← Skt. sapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
SLAVIC
WEST SLAVIC
Kashubian
sétme ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Polish
siedem ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Lower Sorbian
sedym ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Upper Sorbian
sydom ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Czech
sedm ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Slovak
sedem ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
SOUTH SLAVIC
Slovene
sedem ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Croatian
sedam ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Bosnian
sedam ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Serbian
sedam ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Macedonian
sedum ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Bulgarian
sedem ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
EAST SLAVIC
Russian
sjem’ ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Belarusian
sjem ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Ukrainian
sīm ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
BALTIC
Lithuanian
septyni ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
Latvian
septiņi ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ
FINNO-UGRIAN
Estonian
seitse ← Pr.Fi. *säic'en
Finnish
seitsemän ← Pr.Fi. *säic'en
Sami
čieža
Erzya
sisem
Komi (Zyrian)
sizim
Mansi (Vogul)
sāt
Hungarian
hét ← Pr.Ug. *säpt3, *septṃ (← Pr.I.E.) where 3 is a vowel of uncertain quality
BASQUE
Basque