How the word for Seven has changed

The origin and history of some of the European / Indo-European words for seven

B ← A   indicates that the word in language B has evolved directly
from a word in language A, or at least a very similar language. For
example, Persian did not evolve directly from Avestan, but the Old
Persian texts lack the more extensive vocabulary of the similar     
Avestan language. Alternatively, the word could be borrowed        
from another language. English is full of words borrowed from      
Old French.

Abbreviations at bottom of page
* = hypothetical, reconstructed

GERMANIC
WEST GERMANIC

English

seven ← M.Eng. sevene ← O.Eng. seofon ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Scots

seiven ← M.Sc. sevin ← O.Nth. seofon ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Frisian
   North Frisian
      (Island)

soowen ← O.Fris. sowen, soven ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

   North Frisian
      (Helgoland)

seeben ← O.Fris. sowen, soven ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

   North Frisian
      (Mainland)

soowen ← O.Fris. sowen, soven ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

   East Frisian

soogen ← O.Fris. sigun, soven ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

   West Frisian

sân, sawn ← O.Fris. sawen, soven ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Dutch

zeven ← M.Du. seven ← O.Du. sivun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Afrikaans

sewe ← Dutch zeven ← M.Du. seven ← O.Du. sivun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Plattdeutsch

söben ← M.L.G. seven ← O.Sax. siƀun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

East Friesland Platt

söven ← M.L.G. seven ← O.Sax. siƀun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Kölsch (Cologne)

sibbe ← M.L.G. seven ← O.Sax. siƀun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Luxemburgish

siwen ← M.H.G. siben ← O.H.G. sibun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Moselle Platt Lorraine

siwwen ← M.H.G. siben ← O.H.G. sibun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Rhine Platt Lorraine

siwe ← M.H.G. siben ← O.H.G. sibun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

German

sieben ← M.H.G. siben ← O.H.G. sibun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Yiddish

sibben ← M.H.G. siben ← O.H.G. sibun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Alsace German

siwwe ← M.H.G. siben ← O.H.G. sibun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Swiss German

sibe ← M.H.G. siben ← O.H.G. sibun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Swabian

sieba ← M.H.G. siben ← O.H.G. sibun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Bavarian

siebn ← M.H.G. siben ← O.H.G. sibun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


NORTH GERMANIC

Icelandic

sjö ← O.N. sjau, *seau, *seaun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Faroese

sjey ← M.H.G. siben ← O.H.G. sibun ← Pr.W.Gmc. *seƀun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Norwegian (Nynorsk)   

sju ← O.N. sjau, *seau, *seaun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Norwegian

sju, syv ← Rec.Dan. syv ← O.Dan. siu ← O.N. sjau, *seau, *seaun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Danish

syv ← Rec.Dan. syv ← O.Dan. siu ← O.N. sjau, *seau, *seaun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Swedish

sju ← O.Sw. siu ← O.N. sjau, *seau, *seaun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


EAST GERMANIC

Gothic (extinct)

sibun ← Pr.Gmc. *seƀun ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


CELTIC
GOIDELIC

Irish

seacht ← Rec.Ir. seacht ← O.Ir. secht ← Pr.Clt. *sextam ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Scottish Gaelic

seachd ← O.Ir. secht ← Pr.Clt. *sextam ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Manx

shiaght ← O.Ir. secht ← Pr.Clt. *sextam ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


BRITTONIC

Welsh

saith ← E.Mod.W. saith ← M.W. seith ← Pr.Brit. *seth, *seht, *sext, *sextan ← Pr.Clt. *sextam ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Cornish

seyth ← K.K. seyth ← Uni.C. seyth ← Lt.C. seath ← M.C. seyth ← Pr.Brit. *seth, *seht, *sext, *sextan ← Pr.Clt. *sextam ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Breton

seizh ← Rec.Br. seiz ← M.Br. seiz ← O.Br. seith ← Pr.Brit. *seth, *seht, *sext, *sextan ← Pr.Clt. *sextam ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


GAULISH

Gaulish (extinct)

sextam ← Pr.Clt. *sextam ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


ROMANCE
WEST ROMANCE

Walloon

set ← O.Fr. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Picard

sèt ← O.Fr. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Guernsey French

saëpt ← O.N.F. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Jersey French

sept ← O.N.F. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Gallo

set ← O.Fr. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

French

sept ← O.Fr. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Haitian Creole

sèt ← French sept ← O.Fr. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Auvergnat

sèt ← O.Pr. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Gascon

sèt ← O.Pr. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Aranese

set ← O.Pr. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Aragonese

siete ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Asturian

siete ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Galician

sete ← O.Gal./Port. sete ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Portuguese

sete ← O.Gal./Port. sete ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Spanish

siete ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Valencian

set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Catalan

set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Occitan

sèt ← O.Prov. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Provençal

sèt ← O.Prov. set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Francoprovençal

sèpt ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Romansch

set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

    Sursilvan Romansch

siat ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

    Sutsilvan Romansch

seat ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

    Surmiran Romansch

set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

    Upper Engadine Romansch

set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

    Lower Engadine Romansch

set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Ladin

set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Friulan

siet ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Monégasque

sete ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Ligurian

sette ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Piedmontese

set ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Lombard

sètt ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Emilian

sèt ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Venetian

sete ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


ITALO-ROMANCE

Italian

sette ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Corsican

sétte ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Neapolitan

sette ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Sicilian

setti ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


DALMATIAN ROMANCE

Vegliot

sapto ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


BALKAN ROMANCE

Romanian

şapte ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


SOUTHERN ROMANCE

Sardinian

sette ← Lat. septem ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


GREEK

Greek

eftá ← Anc.Gk. hepta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


ANATOLIAN

Hittite (extinct)

siptam ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


ARMENIAN

Western Armenian

yotê ← O.Arm. eōt’n ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Eastern Armenian

yoth ← O.Arm. eōt’n ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


ALBANIAN

Albanian

shtatë ← Pr.Alb. *septati ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Kosovo Albanian

shtatë ← Pr.Alb. *septati ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


IRANIAN

Persian

haft ← Av. hapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Kurdish

heft ← Av. hapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Pashto

owa ← Av. hapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


INDIC
NORTHERN INDIC

Nepali

sat ← Pa. satta ← Skt. sapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


WESTERN INDIC

Romani

efta ← Pa. satta ← Skt. sapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Marathi

sāt ← Pa. satta ← Skt. sapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Gujarati

sāt ← Pa. satta ← Skt. sapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


CENTRAL INDIC

Hindi

sāt ← Pa. satta ← Skt. sapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Urdu

sat ← Pa. satta ← Skt. sapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


EASTERN INDIC

Bengali

shāt ← Pa. satta ← Skt. sapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


SOUTHERN INDIC

Sinhalese

hat ← Pa. satta ← Skt. sapta ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


SLAVIC
WEST SLAVIC

Kashubian

sétme ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Polish

siedem ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Lower Sorbian

sedym ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Upper Sorbian

sydom ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Czech

sedm ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Slovak

sedem ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


SOUTH SLAVIC

Slovene

sedem ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Croatian

sedam ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Bosnian

sedam ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Serbian

sedam ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Macedonian

sedum ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Bulgarian

sedem ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


EAST SLAVIC

Russian

sjem’ ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Belarusian

sjem ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Ukrainian

sīm ← O.C.S. sedmĭ ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


BALTIC

Lithuanian

septyni ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ

Latvian

septiņi ← Lt.I.E. *septṃ ← Pr.I.E. *septṃ


FINNO-UGRIAN

Estonian

seitse ← Pr.Fi. *säic'en

Finnish

seitsemän ← Pr.Fi. *säic'en

Sami

čieža

Erzya

sisem

Komi (Zyrian)

sizim

Mansi (Vogul)

sāt

Hungarian

hét ← Pr.Ug. *säpt3, *septṃ (← Pr.I.E.) where 3 is a vowel of uncertain quality


BASQUE

Basque

zazpi


SEMITIC

Maltese

sebgħa ← Pr.Sem. *šabʕ- where ʕ is a voiced pharyngeal fricative

Arabic

sab‘a ← Pr.Sem. *šabʕ- where ʕ is a voiced pharyngeal fricative

Hebrew

shiva ← O.T.H. shibha‘ ← Pr.Sem. *šabʕ- where ʕ is a voiced pharyngeal fricative

Aramaic

shaw‘a ← N.T.A. shabh‘ā’ ← Pr.Sem. *šabʕ- where ʕ is a voiced pharyngeal fricative

Babylonian (extinct)

sebe ← Pr.Sem. *šabʕ- where ʕ is a voiced pharyngeal fricative


TURKIC

Turkish

yedi

Azerbaijani

yeddi




My other websites:
Languages of the World
New Nutshell
Christianity in a Nutshell

My wife's websites:
Meaning of Life
Bits


I’d like to share with you why I think Christianity is such a great religion. A person who lives to 70 has a life of 613,200 hours. Christianity promises that the next life will be in ideal surroundings with friendly, happy people. There will be perfect health and no crime. Of course you’re free to reject the offer of eternal life.

Isn’t it worth, though, spending at least part of one of your 613,200 hours just checking it out. Then if you reject it, at least you’ll have made an informed decision. Is it just possible that your world view could be wrong and Christianity might actually be true? Where would that leave you if you choose to turn down the offer of heaven?


These are some of my wife's thoughts and ideas:





Jesus turned towards the man being crucified on the
cross next to Him and said, "I assure you, today you
will be with Me in paradise."


Luke 23,43




ABBREVIATIONS

Anc.Gk. = Ancient Greek (700 B.C. - 450 A.D.)
Av. = Avestan (600 B.C. - 400 B.C.)
E.Mod.W. = Early Modern Welsh (1450 - 1600)
K.K. = Kernewek Kemmyn - "Common Cornish" (1986 - 2008)
Lat. = Latin (75 B.C. - 250 A.D.)
Lt.C. = Late Cornish (1600 - 1891)
Lt.I.E. = Late Indo-European (2,500 B.C. - 2,000 B.C.)
M.Br. = Middle Breton (1100 - 1650)
M.C. = Middle Cornish (1200 - 1600)
M.Du. = Middle Dutch (1150 - 1500)
M.Eng. = Middle English (1150 - 1450)
M.H.G. = Middle High German (1050 - 1350)
M.L.G. = Middle Low German (1200 - 1600)
M.Sc. = Middle Scots (1450 - 1700)
M.W. = Middle Welsh (1200 - 1450)
N.T.A. = New Testament Aramaic (1st century A.D.)
O.Alb. = Old Albanian (1284 - 1908)
O.Arm. = Old Armenian (450 - 1050)
O.Br. = Old Breton (800 - 1100)
O.C. = Old Cornish (850- 1200)
O.C.S. = Old Church Slavonic (850 - 1050)
O.Cat. = Old Catalan (850 - 1550)
O.Dan. = Old Danish (1100 - 1536)
O.Du. = Old Dutch (450 - 1150)
O.Eng. = Old English (650 - 1150)
O.Fr. = Old French (750 - 1350)
O.Fris. = Old Frisian (750 - 1500)
O.Gal./Port. = Old Galician / Old Portuguese (775 - 1050)
O.H.G. = Old High German (400 - 1050)
O.Ir. = Old Irish (550 - 950)
O.It. = Old Italian (1150 - 1350)
O.N. = Old Norse (750 - 1350)
O.N.F. = Old Norman French (1000 - 1450)
O.Nth. = Old Northumbrian (650 - 1000)
O.Pol. = Old Polish (950 - 1550)
O.Pr. = Old Provençal (900 - 1400)
O.Sax. = Old Saxon (750 - 1150)
O.Sp. = Old Spanish (950 - 1400)
O.Sw. = Old Swedish (1225 - 1526)
O.T.H. = Old Testament Hebrew (1200 B.C. - 200 A.D.)
O.W. = Old Welsh (800 - 1200)
Pa. = Pali (50 B.C. - 400 A.D.)
Pr.Alb. = Proto-Albanian
Pr.Arm. = Proto-Armenian (c.1200 B.C.)
Pr.Brit. = Proto-Brittonic (500 B.C. - 550 A.D.)
Pr.Clt. = Proto-Celtic (1300 B.C. - 800 B.C.)
Pr.Fi. = Proto-Finnic (1200 B.C. - 800 A.D.)
Pr.Gmc. = Proto-Germanic (500 B.C. - 150 A.D.)
Pr.I.E. = Proto-Indo-European (4,500 B.C. - 2,500 B.C.)
Pr.It. = Proto-Italic (1,700 B.C. - 700 B.C.)
Pr.Sem. = Proto-Semitic (3,500 B.C.)
Pr.Ug. = Proto-Ugric (2000 B.C. - 1000 B.C.)
Pr.Ur. = Proto-Uralic (pre-2000 B.C.)
Pr.W.Gmc. = Proto-West Germanic (150 A.D. - 400 A.D.)
Rec.Br. = Recent Breton (pre-1941)
Rec.Dan. = Recent Danish (pre-1948)
Rec.Ir. = Recent Irish (pre-1947)
Skt. = Sanskrit (1,500 B.C. - 500 B.C.)
Uni.C. = Unified Cornish (1929 - 2008)
V.Lat. = Vulgar Latin (50 B.C. - 650 A.D.)


* = hypothetical, reconstructed


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