How the word for Father has changed

The origin and history of some of the European / Indo-European words for father

B ← A indicates that the word in language B has evolved directly
from a word in language A, or at least a very similar language. For
example, Persian did not evolve directly from Avestan, but the Old
Persian texts lack the more extensive vocabulary of the similar
Avestan language. Alternatively, the word could be borrowed
from another language. English is full of words borrowed from
Old French.

Abbreviations at bottom of page
* = hypothetical, reconstructed

GERMANIC
WEST GERMANIC

English

father ← M.Eng. fader ← O.Eng. fæder ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Scots

faither ← M.Sc. fader ← O.Nth. fæder ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Frisian
   North Frisian
      (Island)

Faađer ← O.Fris. feder ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

   North Frisian
      (Helgoland)

Foor ← O.Fris. feder ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

   North Frisian
      (Mainland)

tääte, fider ← O.Fris. feder ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

   East Frisian

Baabe, Foar ← O.Fris. feder ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

   West Frisian

heit, faer ← O.Fris. feder ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Dutch

vader ← M.Du. vâder ← O.Du. fader ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Afrikaans

vader ← Dutch vader ← M.Du. vâder ← O.Du. fader ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Plattdeutsch

Vader ← M.L.G. vâder ← O.Sax. fadar ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

East Friesland Platt

Vader ← M.L.G. vâder ← O.Sax. fadar ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Kölsch (Cologne)

Vatter ← M.L.G. vâder ← O.Sax. fadar ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Luxemburgish

Papp ← M.H.G. vater ← O.H.G. fater ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Moselle Platt Lorraine

Vater ← M.H.G. vater ← O.H.G. fater ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Rhine Platt Lorraine

Vater ← M.H.G. vater ← O.H.G. fater ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

German

Vater ← M.H.G. vater ← O.H.G. fater ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Yiddish

foter ← M.H.G. vater ← O.H.G. fater ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Alsace German

Vàtter ← M.H.G. vater ← O.H.G. fater ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Swiss German

Vatter ← M.H.G. vater ← O.H.G. fater ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Swabian

Vadr ← M.H.G. vater ← O.H.G. fater ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Bavarian

Voda ← M.H.G. vater ← O.H.G. fater ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fader ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

NORTH GERMANIC

Icelandic

faðir ← O.N. faðir ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Faroese

faðir ← O.N. faðir ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Norwegian (Nynorsk)

far ← O.N. faðir ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Norwegian

far ← Rec.Dan. Fader ← O.Dan. fathær ← O.N. faðir ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Danish

far ← Rec.Dan. Fader ← O.Dan. fathær ← O.N. faðir ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Swedish

far ← Rec.Sw. fader ← O.Sw. faþir ← O.N. faðir ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

EAST GERMANIC

Gothic (extinct)

atta, fadar ← Pr.Gmc. *fadēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

CELTIC
GOIDELIC

Irish

athair ← Rec.Ir. athair ← O.Ir. athir ← Pr.Clt. *φatīr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Scottish Gaelic

athair ← O.Ir. athir ← Pr.Clt. *φatīr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Manx

ayr ← O.Ir. athir ← Pr.Clt. *φatīr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

BRITTONIC

Welsh

tad ← E.Mod.W. tat ← M.W. tat ← O.W. tat ← Pr.Brit. *tat, *tatos ← Pr.Clt. *φatīr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Cornish

tas ← K.K. tas ← Uni.C. tas ← Lt.C. seera, taze ← M.C. tas ← O.C. tat ← Pr.Brit. *tat, *tatos ← Pr.Clt. *φatīr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Breton

tad ← Rec.Br. tad ← M.Br. tat ← Pr.Brit. *tat, *tatos ← Pr.Clt. *φatīr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

GAULISH

Gaulish (extinct)

tat-, atir ← Pr.Clt. *φatīr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

ROMANCE
WEST ROMANCE

Walloon

pere ← O.Fr. pere, paire, pedre ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Picard

père ← O.Fr. pere, paire, pedre ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Guernsey French

père ← O.N.Fr. pere ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Jersey French

péthe ← O.N.Fr. pere ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Gallo

pére ← O.Fr. pere, paire, pedre ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

French

père ← O.Fr. pere, paire, pedre ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Haitian Creole

papa ← French père ← O.Fr. pere, paire, pedre ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Auvergnat

paire ← O.Pr. paire ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Gascon

pair ← O.Pr. paire ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Aranese

pair ← O.Pr. paire ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Aragonese

pai ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Asturian

padre ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Galician

pai ← O.Gal./Port. pay ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Portuguese

pai ← O.Gal./Port. pay ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Spanish

padre ← O.Sp. padre ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Valencian

pare ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Catalan

pare ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Occitan

paire ← O.Pr. paire ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Provençal

paire ← O.Pr. paire ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Francoprovençal

pâre ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Romansch

bab ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

    Sursilvan Romansch

bab ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

    Sutsilvan Romansch

bab ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

    Surmiran Romansch

bab ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

    Upper Engadine Romansch

bap ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

    Lower Engadine Romansch

bap ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Ladin

pere ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Friulan

pari ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Monégasque

paire ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Ligurian

poæ ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Piedmontese

pare ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Lombard

pàder ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Emilian

pèder ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Venetian

pare ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

ITALO-ROMANCE

Italian

padre ← O.It. patre ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Corsican

babbu ← O.It. patre ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Neapolitan

pàte ← O.It. patre ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Sicilian

patri ← O.It. patre ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

DALMATIAN ROMANCE

Vegliot

tuota ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

BALKAN ROMANCE

Romanian

tată ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

SOUTHERN ROMANCE

Sardinian

babbu ← Lat. patrem, pater ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

GREEK

Greek

patéras ← Anc.Gk. patēr ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

ANATOLIAN

Hittite (extinct)

attas ← Pr.I.E. *atta, *ph₂tér

ARMENIAN

Western Armenian

hayr ← O.Arm. hayr ← Pr.Arm. *hayir, *hatir ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Eastern Armenian

hayr ← O.Arm. hayr ← Pr.Arm. *hayir, *hatir ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

ALBANIAN

Albanian

atë ← Pr.I.E. *atta, *ph₂tér

Kosovo Albanian

babë ← Pr.I.E. *atta, *ph₂tér

IRANIAN

Persian

pedar ← Av. pitar- ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Kurdish

aba ← Av. pitar- ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Pashto

plār ← Av. pitar- ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

INDIC
NORTHERN INDIC

Nepali

bābu ← Pa. pitu ← Skt. pitar- ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

WESTERN INDIC

Romani

dad ← Pa. pitu ← Skt. pitar- ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Marathi

bāp ← Pa. pitu ← Skt. pitar- ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Gujarati

bāp ← Pa. pitu ← Skt. pitar- ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

CENTRAL INDIC

Hindi

pitā ← Pa. pitu ← Skt. pitar- ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Urdu

vālid ← Pa. pitu ← Skt. pitar- ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

EASTERN INDIC

Bengali

baba ← Pa. pitu ← Skt. pitar- ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

SOUTHERN INDIC

Sinhalese

tāttā ← Pa. pitu ← Skt. pitar- ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

SLAVIC
WEST SLAVIC

Kashubian

òjc ← O.C.S. otĭcĭ ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Polish

ojciec ← O.C.S. otĭcĭ ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Lower Sorbian

nan ← O.C.S. otĭcĭ ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Upper Sorbian

nan ← O.C.S. otĭcĭ ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Czech

otec ← O.C.S. otĭcĭ ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Slovak

otec ← O.C.S. otĭcĭ ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

SOUTH SLAVIC

Slovene

oče ← O.C.S. otĭcĭ ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Croatian

otac ← O.C.S. otĭcĭ ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Bosnian

otac ← O.C.S. otĭcĭ ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Serbian

otac ← O.C.S. otĭcĭ ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Macedonian

tatko ← O.C.S. otĭcĭ ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Bulgarian

bašta ← O.C.S. otĭcĭ ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

EAST SLAVIC

Russian

atjec ← O.C.S. otĭcĭ ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Belarusian

bac’ka ← O.C.S. otĭcĭ ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Ukrainian

bat’ko ← O.C.S. otĭcĭ ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

BALTIC

Lithuanian

tėvas ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

Latvian

tēvs ← Lt.I.E. *pətér ← Pr.I.E. *ph₂tér

FINNO-UGRIAN

Estonian

isa ← Pr.Fi. *icä ← Pr.Ur. *ićä

Finnish

isä ← Pr.Fi. *icä ← Pr.Ur. *ićä

Sami

áhčči ← Pr.Ur. *att3
where 3 is an indeterminate vowel

Erzya

tetja

Komi (Zyrian)

bat’

Mansi (Vogul)

jah

Hungarian

apa, atya ← Pr.Ur. *att3
where 3 is an indeterminate vowel

BASQUE

Basque

aita

SEMITIC

Maltese

missier

Arabic

’ab

Hebrew

av ← O.T.H. ābh

Aramaic

baba ← N.T.A. ’abhā’

Babylonian (extinct)

abu

TURKIC

Turkish

baba

Azerbaijani

ata

My other websites:
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Christianity in a Nutshell

My wife's websites:
Meaning of Life
Bits

I’d like to share with you why I think Christianity is such a great religion. A person who lives to 70 has a life of 613,200 hours. Christianity promises that the next life will be in ideal surroundings with friendly, happy people. There will be perfect health and no crime. Of course you’re free to reject the offer of eternal life.

Isn’t it worth, though, spending at least part of one of your 613,200 hours just checking it out. Then if you reject it, at least you’ll have made an informed decision. Is it just possible that your world view could be wrong and Christianity might actually be true? Where would that leave you if you choose to turn down the offer of heaven?

Why Does God Let Bad Things Happen To Good People?
Your Race, Gender And Sexuality Are Irrelevant To God - True or False?
Near Death Experiences
Objections To Christianity
Some Parables and Sayings of Jesus
God Is Uncaring - True or False?
Pain and Injustice In The World
It’s Ok to Blame God For Floods and Famines - True or False?
My Favourite Bible Quotations
The Universe Was Created In Six Days - True or False?
What Makes Christianity Unique Among Religions?
Did God Betray My Trust?
God Allows So Much Suffering In The World - True or False?
The Easy Way To Pray
Who Jesus Is
The Appeal Of Being A Christian
What Faith Is
Does the God of Love Really Send People to Hell?
Did Adam and Eve Really Exist?

Quotations

These are some of my wife's thoughts and ideas:

Believe and Receive
Be Thankful
Change of Heart
Defining Hope
Endless Joy
Fork in the Road
God is not Deaf
Hurting World
Into the Light
Just say Yes
New Life
Put Him First
Ready for Anything
Salvation
Sheep and Lambs
The Best Gift
The Centre
The Gospels
The Reality of Jesus

What's Missing?

Jesus said, "For God loved the world so much that He gave
his only Son, so that whoever believes in Him should not
perish, but have everlasting life."

John 3,16

ABBREVIATIONS

Anc.Gk. = Ancient Greek (700 B.C. - 450 A.D.)
Av. = Avestan (600 B.C. - 400 B.C.)
E.Mod.W. = Early Modern Welsh (1450 - 1600)
K.K. = Kernewek Kemmyn - "Common Cornish" (1986 - 2008)
Lat. = Latin (75 B.C. - 250 A.D.)
Lt.C. = Late Cornish (1600 - 1891)
Lt.I.E. = Late Indo-European (2,500 B.C. - 2,000 B.C.)
M.Br. = Middle Breton (1100 - 1650)
M.C. = Middle Cornish (1200 - 1600)
M.Du. = Middle Dutch (1150 - 1500)
M.Eng. = Middle English (1150 - 1450)
M.H.G. = Middle High German (1050 - 1350)
M.L.G. = Middle Low German (1200 - 1600)
M.Sc. = Middle Scots (1450 - 1700)
M.W. = Middle Welsh (1200 - 1450)
N.T.A. = New Testament Aramaic (1st century A.D.)
O.Arm. = Old Armenian (450 - 1050)
O.Br. = Old Breton (800 - 1100)
O.C. = Old Cornish (850- 1200)
O.C.S. = Old Church Slavonic (850 - 1050)
O.Dan. = Old Danish (1100 - 1536)
O.Du. = Old Dutch (450 - 1150)
O.Eng. = Old English (650 - 1150)
O.Fr. = Old French (750 - 1350)
O.Fris. = Old Frisian (750 - 1500)
O.Gal./Port. = Old Galician / Old Portuguese (775 - 1050)
O.H.G. = Old High German (400 - 1050)
O.Ir. = Old Irish (550 - 950)
O.It. = Old Italian (1150 - 1350)
O.N. = Old Norse (750 - 1350)
O.N.F. = Old Norman French (1000 - 1450)
O.Nth. = Old Northumbrian (650 - 1000)
O.Pol. = Old Polish (950 - 1550)
O.Pr. = Old Provençal (900 - 1400)
O.Sax. = Old Saxon (750 - 1150)
O.Sp. = Old Spanish (950 - 1400)
O.Sw. = Old Swedish (1225 - 1526)
O.T.H. = Old Testament Hebrew (1200 B.C. - 200 A.D.)
O.W. = Old Welsh (800 - 1200)
Pa. = Pali (50 B.C. - 400 A.D.)
Pr.Arm. = Proto-Armenian (c.1200 B.C.)
Pr.Brit. = Proto-Brittonic (500 B.C. - 550 A.D.)
Pr.Clt. = Proto-Celtic (1300 B.C. - 800 B.C.)
Pr.Fi. = Proto-Finnic (1200 B.C. - 800 A.D.)
Pr.Gmc. = Proto-Germanic (500 B.C. - 150 A.D.)
Pr.I.E. = Proto-Indo-European (4,500 B.C. - 2,500 B.C.)
Pr.It. = Proto-Italic (1,700 B.C. - 700 B.C.)
Pr.Ug. = Proto-Ugric (2000 B.C. - 1000 B.C.)
Pr.Ur. = Proto-Uralic (pre-2000 B.C.)
Pr.W.Gmc. = Proto-West Germanic (150 A.D. - 400 A.D.)
Rec.Br. = Recent Breton (pre-1941)
Rec.Dan. = Recent Danish (pre-1948)
Rec.Ir. = Recent Irish (pre-1947)
Skt. = Sanskrit (1,500 B.C. - 500 B.C.)
Uni.C. = Unified Cornish (1929 - 2008)
V.Lat. = Vulgar Latin (50 B.C. - 650 A.D.)

* = hypothetical, reconstructed

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