How the word for Long has changed

The origin and history of some of the European / Indo-European words for long

B ← A indicates that the word in language B has evolved directly
from a word in language A, or at least a very similar language. For
example, Persian did not evolve directly from Avestan, but the Old
Persian texts lack the more extensive vocabulary of the similar
Avestan language. Alternatively, the word could be borrowed
from another language. English is full of words borrowed from
Old French.

Abbreviations at bottom of page
* = hypothetical, reconstructed

GERMANIC
WEST GERMANIC

English

long ← M.Eng. long ← O.Eng. lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Scots

lang ← M.Sc. lang ← O.Nth. lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Frisian
   North Frisian
      (Island)

lüng ← O.Fris. lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

   North Frisian
      (Helgoland)

lung ← O.Fris. lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

   North Frisian
      (Mainland)

lung ← O.Fris. lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

   East Frisian

loang ← O.Fris. lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

   West Frisian

lang ← O.Fris. lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Dutch

lang ← M.Du. lang ← O.Du. *lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Afrikaans

lang ← Dutch lang ← M.Du. lang ← O.Du. *lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Plattdeutsch

lang ← M.L.G. lang ← O.Sax. lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

East Friesland Platt

lang ← M.L.G. lang ← O.Sax. lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Kölsch (Cologne)

lang ← M.L.G. lang ← O.Sax. lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Luxemburgish

laang ← M.H.G. lanc ← O.H.G. lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Moselle Platt Lorraine

lang ← M.H.G. lanc ← O.H.G. lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Rhine Platt Lorraine

lang ← M.H.G. lanc ← O.H.G. lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

German

lang ← M.H.G. lanc ← O.H.G. lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Yiddish

lang ← M.H.G. lanc ← O.H.G. lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Alsace German

làng ← M.H.G. lanc ← O.H.G. lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Swiss German

lang ← M.H.G. lanc ← O.H.G. lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Swabian

lang ← M.H.G. lanc ← O.H.G. lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Bavarian

lang ← M.H.G. lanc ← O.H.G. lang ← Pr.W.Gmc. *lang ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

NORTH GERMANIC

Icelandic

langur ← O.N. langr ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Faroese

langur ← O.N. langr ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Norwegian (Nynorsk)

lang ← O.N. langr ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Norwegian

lang ← Rec.Dan. lang ← O.N. langr ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Danish

lang ← Rec.Dan. lang ← O.N. langr ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Swedish

lång ← O.Sw. langer ← O.N. langr ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

EAST GERMANIC

Gothic (extinct)

laggs ← Pr.Gmc. *langaz ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

CELTIC
GOIDELIC

Irish

fada ← Rec.Ir. fada ← O.Ir. fota ← Pr.Clt. *sīros

Scottish Gaelic

fada ← O.Ir. fota ← Pr.Clt. *sīros

Manx

liauyr ← O.Ir. lebar, fota ← Pr.Clt. *sīros

BRITTONIC

Welsh

hir ← E.Mod.W. hir ← M.W. hir ← O.W. hir ← Pr.Brit. *hir, *khiros, *shiros, *siros ← Pr.Clt. *sīros

Cornish

hir ← K.K. hir ← Uni.C. hyr ← Lt.C. heere ← M.C. hyr ← O.C. hir ← Pr.Brit. *hir, *khiros, *shiros, *siros ← Pr.Clt. *sīros

Breton

hir ← Rec.Br. hir ← M.Br. hir ← O.Br. hir ← Pr.Brit. *hir, *khiros, *shiros, *siros ← Pr.Clt. *sīros

GAULISH

Gaulish (extinct)

sir-, longo-

ROMANCE
WEST ROMANCE

Walloon

long ← O.Fr. long ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Picard

   . . . .

Guernsey French

laöng ← O.N.F. long ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Jersey French

long ← O.N.F. long ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Gallo

long ← O.Fr. long ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

French

long ← O.Fr. long ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Haitian Creole

long ← French long ← O.Fr. long ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Auvergnat

    . . . .

Gascon

long ← O.Pr. lonc ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Aranese

long ← O.Pr. lonc ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Aragonese

largo ← Lat. largum, largus; longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Asturian

llargu ← Lat. largum, largus; longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Galician

longo ← O.Gal./Port. longo ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Portuguese

longo ← O.Gal./Port. longo ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Spanish

largo ← Lat. largum, largus; longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Valencian

llarg ← O.Cat. llarch, larch ← Lat. largum, largus; longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Catalan

llarg ← O.Cat. llarch, larch ← Lat. largum, largus; longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Occitan

long ← O.Pr. lonc ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Provençal

long ← O.Pr. lonc ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Francoprovençal

    . . . .

Romansch

lung ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

    Sursilvan Romansch

liung ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

    Sutsilvan Romansch

lùng ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

    Surmiran Romansch

lung ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

    Upper Engadine Romansch

lung ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

    Lower Engadine Romansch

lung ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Ladin

lonch ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Friulan

lunc ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Monégasque

longu ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Ligurian

longo ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Piedmontese

longh ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Lombard

lóngh ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Emilian

lóng ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Venetian

longo ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

ITALO-ROMANCE

Italian

lungo ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Corsican

lòngu ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Neapolitan

luóngo ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Sicilian

longu ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

DALMATIAN ROMANCE

Vegliot

luang ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

BALKAN ROMANCE

Romanian

lung ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

SOUTHERN ROMANCE

Sardinian

longu ← Lat. longum, longus ← Lt.I.E. *longhos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

GREEK

Greek

makrós ← Anc.Gk. makros, dolik^hos ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

ANATOLIAN

Hittite (extinct)

daluki- ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

ARMENIAN

Western Armenian

yergar ← O.Arm. erkar ← Pr.I.E. *dweh₂rós

Eastern Armenian

erkar ← O.Arm. erkar ← Pr.I.E. *dweh₂rós

ALBANIAN

Albanian

gjatë ← O. Alb. glatë ← Proto-Albanian *dlata, *dlaghta ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Kosovo Albanian

gjatë ← O. Alb. glatë ← Proto-Albanian *dlata, *dlaghta ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

IRANIAN

Persian

derâz ← Av. darəga- ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Kurdish

dirêj ← Av. darəga- ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Pashto

ūjzd ← Av. darəga- ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

INDIC
NORTHERN INDIC

Nepali

lāmo ← Pa. dīgha ← Skt. dīrgha- ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

WESTERN INDIC

Romani

lungo ← Pa. dīgha ← Skt. dīrgha- ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Marathi

lāmb ← Pa. dīgha ← Skt. dīrgha- ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Gujarati

lambuṅ ← Pa. dīgha ← Skt. dīrgha- ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

CENTRAL INDIC

Hindi

lambā ← Pa. dīgha ← Skt. dīrgha- ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Urdu

lamba ← Pa. dīgha ← Skt. dīrgha- ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

EASTERN INDIC

Bengali

lomba ← Pa. dīgha ← Skt. dīrgha- ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

SOUTHERN INDIC

Sinhalese

diga ← Pa. dīgha ← Skt. dīrgha- ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

SLAVIC
WEST SLAVIC

Kashubian

dłudżi ← O.C.S. dlŭgŭ ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Polish

długi ← O.C.S. dlŭgŭ ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Lower Sorbian

dłujki ← O.C.S. dlŭgŭ ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Upper Sorbian

dołhi ← O.C.S. dlŭgŭ ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Czech

dlouhý ← O.C.S. dlŭgŭ ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Slovak

dlhý ← O.C.S. dlŭgŭ ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

SOUTH SLAVIC

Slovene

dolg ← O.C.S. dlŭgŭ ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Croatian

dug ← O.C.S. dlŭgŭ ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Bosnian

dug ← O.C.S. dlŭgŭ ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Serbian

dug ← O.C.S. dlŭgŭ ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Macedonian

dolg ← O.C.S. dlŭgŭ ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Bulgarian

dŭlŭg ← O.C.S. dlŭgŭ ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

EAST SLAVIC

Russian

dlinni ← O.C.S. dlŭgŭ ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Belarusian

dowhi ← O.C.S. dlŭgŭ ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Ukrainian

dovhij ← O.C.S. dlŭgŭ ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

BALTIC

Lithuanian

ilgas ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

Latvian

garš ← Lt.I.E. *deləghos ← Pr.I.E. *dlong^hos

FINNO-UGRIAN

Estonian

pikk ← Pr.Fi. *pitkä ← Pr.Ur. *pide

Finnish

pitkä ← Pr.Fi. *pitkä ← Pr.Ur. *pide

Sami

guhkki

Erzya

kuvaka

Komi (Zyrian)

kuz’

Mansi (Vogul)

khosa ← Pr.Ug. *kåsĭ- ← Pr.Ur. *koć3
where 3 is a vowel of uncertain quality

Hungarian

hosszú ← O.H. hozu ← Pr.Ug. *kåsĭ- ← Pr.Ur. *koć3
where 3 is a vowel of uncertain quality

BASQUE

Basque

luze

SEMITIC

Maltese

twil

Arabic

ṭawîl

Hebrew

arokh ← O.T.H. ’ārōkh

Aramaic

   . . . .

Babylonian (extinct)

arku

TURKIC

Turkish

uzun

Azerbaijani

uzun

My other websites:
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My wife's websites:
Meaning of Life
Bits

I’d like to share with you why I think Christianity is such a great religion. A person who lives to 70 has a life of 613,200 hours. Christianity promises that the next life will be in ideal surroundings with friendly, happy people. There will be perfect health and no crime. Of course you’re free to reject the offer of eternal life.

Isn’t it worth, though, spending at least part of one of your 613,200 hours just checking it out. Then if you reject it, at least you’ll have made an informed decision. Is it just possible that your world view could be wrong and Christianity might actually be true? Where would that leave you if you choose to turn down the offer of heaven?

Why Does God Let Bad Things Happen To Good People?
Your Race, Gender And Sexuality Are Irrelevant To God - True or False?
Near Death Experiences
Objections To Christianity
Some Parables and Sayings of Jesus
God Is Uncaring - True or False?
Pain and Injustice In The World
It’s Ok to Blame God For Floods and Famines - True or False?
My Favourite Bible Quotations
The Universe Was Created In Six Days - True or False?
What Makes Christianity Unique Among Religions?
Did God Betray My Trust?
God Allows So Much Suffering In The World - True or False?
The Easy Way To Pray
Who Jesus Is
The Appeal Of Being A Christian
What Faith Is
Does the God of Love Really Send People to Hell?
Did Adam and Eve Really Exist?

Quotations

These are some of my wife's thoughts and ideas:

Believe and Receive
Be Thankful
Change of Heart
Defining Hope
Endless Joy
Fork in the Road
God is not Deaf
Hurting World
Into the Light
Just say Yes
New Life
Put Him First
Ready for Anything
Salvation
Sheep and Lambs
The Best Gift
The Centre
The Gospels
The Reality of Jesus

What's Missing?

In the beginning God created the universe.

Genesis 1,1

ABBREVIATIONS

Anc.Gk. = Ancient Greek (700 B.C. - 450 A.D.)
Av. = Avestan (600 B.C. - 400 B.C.)
E.Mod.W. = Early Modern Welsh (1450 - 1600)
K.K. = Kernewek Kemmyn - "Common Cornish" (1986 - 2008)
Lat. = Latin (75 B.C. - 250 A.D.)
Lt.C. = Late Cornish (1600 - 1891)
Lt.I.E. = Late Indo-European (2,500 B.C. - 2,000 B.C.)
M.Br. = Middle Breton (1100 - 1650)
M.C. = Middle Cornish (1200 - 1600)
M.Du. = Middle Dutch (1150 - 1500)
M.Eng. = Middle English (1150 - 1450)
M.H.G. = Middle High German (1050 - 1350)
M.L.G. = Middle Low German (1200 - 1600)
M.Sc. = Middle Scots (1450 - 1700)
M.W. = Middle Welsh (1200 - 1450)
N.T.A. = New Testament Aramaic (1st century A.D.)
O.Alb. = Old Albanian (1284 - 1908)
O.Arm. = Old Armenian (450 - 1050)
O.Br. = Old Breton (800 - 1100)
O.C. = Old Cornish (850- 1200)
O.C.S. = Old Church Slavonic (850 - 1050)
O.Cat. = Old Catalan (850 - 1550)
O.Dan. = Old Danish (1100 - 1536)
O.Du. = Old Dutch (450 - 1150)
O.Eng. = Old English (650 - 1150)
O.Fr. = Old French (750 - 1350)
O.Fris. = Old Frisian (750 - 1500)
O.Gal./Port. = Old Galician / Old Portuguese (775 - 1050)
O.H.G. = Old High German (400 - 1050)
O.Ir. = Old Irish (550 - 950)
O.It. = Old Italian (1150 - 1350)
O.N. = Old Norse (750 - 1350)
O.N.F. = Old Norman French (1000 - 1450)
O.Nth. = Old Northumbrian (650 - 1000)
O.Pol. = Old Polish (950 - 1550)
O.Pr. = Old Provençal (900 - 1400)
O.Sax. = Old Saxon (750 - 1150)
O.Sp. = Old Spanish (950 - 1400)
O.Sw. = Old Swedish (1225 - 1526)
O.T.H. = Old Testament Hebrew (1200 B.C. - 200 A.D.)
O.W. = Old Welsh (800 - 1200)
Pa. = Pali (50 B.C. - 400 A.D.)
Pr.Arm. = Proto-Armenian (c.1200 B.C.)
Pr.Brit. = Proto-Brittonic (500 B.C. - 550 A.D.)
Pr.Clt. = Proto-Celtic (1300 B.C. - 800 B.C.)
Pr.Fi. = Proto-Finnic (1200 B.C. - 800 A.D.)
Pr.Gmc. = Proto-Germanic (500 B.C. - 150 A.D.)
Pr.I.E. = Proto-Indo-European (4,500 B.C. - 2,500 B.C.)
Pr.It. = Proto-Italic (1,700 B.C. - 700 B.C.)
Pr.Ug. = Proto-Ugric (2000 B.C. - 1000 B.C.)
Pr.Ur. = Proto-Uralic (pre-2000 B.C.)
Pr.W.Gmc. = Proto-West Germanic (150 A.D. - 400 A.D.)
Rec.Br. = Recent Breton (pre-1941)
Rec.Dan. = Recent Danish (pre-1948)
Rec.Ir. = Recent Irish (pre-1947)
Skt. = Sanskrit (1,500 B.C. - 500 B.C.)
Uni.C. = Unified Cornish (1929 - 2008)
V.Lat. = Vulgar Latin (50 B.C. - 650 A.D.)

* = hypothetical, reconstructed

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