How the word for Fire has changed

The origin and history of some of the European / Indo-European words for fire

B ← A indicates that the word in language B has evolved directly
from a word in language A, or at least a very similar language. For
example, Persian did not evolve directly from Avestan, but the Old
Persian texts lack the more extensive vocabulary of the similar
Avestan language. Alternatively, the word could be borrowed
from another language. English is full of words borrowed from
Old French.

Abbreviations at bottom of page
* = hypothetical, reconstructed

GERMANIC
WEST GERMANIC

English

fire ← M.Eng. fyre ← O.Eng. fyr ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fuir ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

Scots

fire ← M.Sc. fyr ← O.Nth. fyr ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fuir ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

Frisian
   North Frisian
      (Island)

Jöl ( ← Dan. ild) ← O.Fris. fiur ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fuir ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

   North Frisian
      (Mainland)

iilj ( ← Dan. ild) ← O.Fris. fiur ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fuir ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

   East Frisian

Fjuur ← O.Fris. fiur ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fuir ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

   West Frisian

fjoer, fjûr ← O.Fris. fiur ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fuir ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

Dutch

vuur ← M.Du. vuur ← O.Du. fûir ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fuir ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

Afrikaans

vuur ← Dutch vuur ← M.Du. vuur ← O.Du. fûir ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fuir ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

Plattdeutsch

Füüer ← M.L.G. vuer ← O.Sax. fiur ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fuir ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

East Friesland Platt

Für ← M.L.G. vuer ← O.Sax. fiur ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fuir ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

Kölsch (Cologne)

Füür ← M.L.G. vuer ← O.Sax. fiur ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fuir ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

Luxemburgish

Feier ← M.H.G. viur ← O.H.G. fiur, fuir ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fuir ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

Moselle Platt Lorraine

Feier ← M.H.G. viur ← O.H.G. fiur, fuir ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fuir ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

Rhine Platt Lorraine

Feier ← M.H.G. viur ← O.H.G. fiur, fuir ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fuir ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

German

Feuer ← M.H.G. viur ← O.H.G. fiur, fuir ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fuir ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

Yiddish

feier ← M.H.G. viur ← O.H.G. fiur, fuir ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fuir ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

Alsace German

Fiir ← M.H.G. viur ← O.H.G. fiur, fuir ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fuir ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

Swiss German

Füür ← M.H.G. viur ← O.H.G. fiur, fuir ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fuir ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

Swabian

Feir ← M.H.G. viur ← O.H.G. fiur, fuir ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fuir ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

Bavarian

Feia ← M.H.G. viur ← O.H.G. fiur, fuir ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fuir ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

NORTH GERMANIC

Icelandic

eldur ← O.N. eldr, fúrr ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

Faroese

eldur ← O.N. eldr, fúrr ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

Norwegian (Nynorsk)

eld ← O.N. eldr, fúrr ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

Norwegian

ild ← Rec.Dan. Ild ← O.Dan. eld ← O.N. eldr, fúrr ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

Danish

ild ← Rec.Dan. Ild ← O.Dan. eld ← O.N. eldr, fúrr ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

Swedish

eld ← O.Sw. elder ← O.N. eldr, fúrr ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

EAST GERMANIC

Gothic (extinct)

fōn ← Pr.Gmc. *fōr ← Lt.I.E. *pāur, *egnis ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur, *h₁n̥g^wnis

CELTIC
GOIDELIC

Irish

tine ← Rec.Ir. teine ← O.Ir. tene ← Pr.Clt. *teφn-, *tepn- ← Lt.I.E. *tep- ← Pr.I.E. *tep-

Scottish Gaelic

teine ← O.Ir. tene ← Pr.Clt. *teφn-, *tepn- ← Lt.I.E. *tep- ← Pr.I.E. *tep-

Manx

aile

BRITTONIC

Welsh

tân ← E.Mod.W. tan ← M.W. tan ← Pr.Brit. *tanos, *tenos ← Pr.Clt. *teφn-, *tepn- ← Lt.I.E. *tep- ← Pr.I.E. *tep-

Cornish

tan ← K.K. tan ← Uni.C. tan ← Lt.C. tane ← M.C. tan ← O.C. tan ← Pr.Brit. *tanos, *tenos ← Pr.Clt. *teφn-, *tepn- ← Lt.I.E. *tep- ← Pr.I.E. *tep-

Breton

tan ← Rec.Br. tan ← M.Br. tan ← O.Br. tan ← Pr.Brit. *tanos, *tenos ← Pr.Clt. *teφn-, *tepn- ← Lt.I.E. *tep- ← Pr.I.E. *tep-

GAULISH

Gaulish (extinct)

tanos ← Pr.Clt. *teφn-, *tepn- ← Lt.I.E. *tep- ← Pr.I.E. *tep-

ROMANCE
WEST ROMANCE

Walloon

feu ← O.Fr. feu, fou ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Picard

fu ← O.Fr. feu, fou ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Guernsey French

faëu ← O.N.F. feu ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Jersey French

feu ← O.N.F. feu ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Gallo

feu ← O.Fr. feu, fou ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

French

feu ← O.Fr. feu, fou ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Haitian Creole

dife ← French du feu, feu ← O.Fr. feu, fou ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Auvergnat

fuòc ← O.Pr. fuec ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Gascon

huec ← O.Pr. fuec ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Aranese

huec ← O.Pr. fuec ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Aragonese

fuego ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Asturian

fueu ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Galician

fogo ← O.Gal./Port. fogo ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Portuguese

fogo ← O.Gal./Port. fogo ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Spanish

fuego ← O.Sp. fuego, huego ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Valencian

foc ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Catalan

foc ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Occitan

fuòc ← O.Pr. fuec ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Provençal

fiò ← O.Pr. fuec ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Francoprovençal

fuè ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Romansch

fieu ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

    Sursilvan Romansch

fiug ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

    Sutsilvan Romansch

fiac ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

    Surmiran Romansch

fi ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

    Upper Engadine Romansch

fö ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

    Lower Engadine Romansch

fö ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Ladin

fuech ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Friulan

fûc ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Monégasque

fœgu ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Ligurian

feugo ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Piedmontese

feu ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Lombard

foeúgh ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Emilian

fûg ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Venetian

fogo ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

ITALO-ROMANCE

Italian

fuoco ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Corsican

fócu ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Neapolitan

fuóco ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Sicilian

focu ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

BALKAN ROMANCE

Romanian

foc ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

SOUTHERN ROMANCE

Sardinian

fogu ← Lat. focum, focus; ignem, ignis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

GREEK

Greek

fotiá ← Anc.Gk. pur ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

ANATOLIAN

Hittite (extinct)

pahhur ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur

ARMENIAN

Western Armenian

hrteh ← O.Arm. hur ← Lt.I.E. *pāur ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur

Eastern Armenian

hrdeh ← O.Arm. hur ← Lt.I.E. *pāur ← Pr.I.E. *peh₂ur

ALBANIAN

Albanian

zjarr ← zjarm ← Pr.Alb. *dźerm- ← Lt.I.E. *g^whermós ← Pr.I.E. *g^whermós

IRANIAN

Persian

âtesh ← Av. ātar-

Kurdish

agir

INDIC
NORTHERN INDIC

Nepali

āgo ← Pa. aggi ← Skt. agni- ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

WESTERN INDIC

Marathi

āg ← Pa. aggi ← Skt. agni- ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

CENTRAL INDIC

Hindi

āg ← Pa. aggi ← Skt. agni- ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Urdu

āg ← Pa. aggi ← Skt. agni- ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

EASTERN INDIC

Bengali

agun ← Pa. aggi ← Skt. agni- ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

SOUTHERN INDIC

Sinhalese

gini ← Pa. aggi ← Skt. agni- ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

SLAVIC
WEST SLAVIC

Kashubian

òdżin ← O.C.S. ognĭ ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Polish

ogień ← O.C.S. ognĭ ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Lower Sorbian

wogeń ← O.C.S. ognĭ ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Upper Sorbian

woheń ← O.C.S. ognĭ ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Czech

oheň ← O.C.S. ognĭ ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Slovak

oheň ← O.C.S. ognĭ ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

SOUTH SLAVIC

Slovene

ogenj ← O.C.S. ognĭ ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Croatian

vatra ← O.C.S. ognĭ ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Bosnian

vatra ← O.C.S. ognĭ ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Serbian

vatra ← O.C.S. ognĭ ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Macedonian

ogan ← O.C.S. ognĭ ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Bulgarian

ogŭn ← O.C.S. ognĭ ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

EAST SLAVIC

Russian

agon’ ← O.C.S. ognĭ ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Belarusian

ahon’ ← O.C.S. ognĭ ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Ukrainian

vohon’ ← O.C.S. ognĭ ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

BALTIC

Lithuanian

ugnis ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

Latvian

uguns ← Lt.I.E. *egnis, *pāur ← Pr.I.E. h₁n̥g^wnis, *peh₂ur

FINNO-UGRIAN

Estonian

tuli ← Pr.Fi. *tuli ← Pr.Ur. *tule

Finnish

tuli ← Pr.Fi. *tuli ← Pr.Ur. *tule

Sami

dolla ← Pr.Ur. *tule

Erzya

tol ← Pr.Ur. *tule

Komi (Zyrian)

bi

Mansi (Vogul)

nāj

Hungarian

tűz ← Pr.Ug. *tüy3t3

BASQUE

Basque

su

SEMITIC

Arabic

nâr ← Pr.Sem. *nūr-

Hebrew

esh ← O.T.H. ēsh ← Pr.Sem. *ʔiš-

Aramaic

nura ← N.T.A. nūrā’ ← Pr.Sem. *nūr-

Babylonian (extinct)

išātu ← Pr.Sem. *ʔiš-

TURKIC

Turkish

ateş

Azerbaijani

od

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Near Death Experiences
Objections To Christianity
Some Parables and Sayings of Jesus
God Is Uncaring - True or False?
Pain and Injustice In The World
It’s Ok to Blame God For Floods and Famines - True or False?
My Favourite Bible Quotations
The Universe Was Created In Six Days - True or False?
What Makes Christianity Unique Among Religions?
Did God Betray My Trust?
God Allows So Much Suffering In The World - True or False?
The Easy Way To Pray
Who Jesus Is
The Appeal Of Being A Christian
What Faith Is
Does the God of Love Really Send People to Hell?
Did Adam and Eve Really Exist?

Quotations

These are some of my wife's thoughts and ideas:

Believe and Receive
Be Thankful
Change of Heart
Defining Hope
Endless Joy
Fork in the Road
God is not Deaf
Hurting World
Into the Light
Just say Yes
New Life
Put Him First
Ready for Anything
Salvation
Sheep and Lambs
The Best Gift
The Centre
The Gospels
The Reality of Jesus

What's Missing?

Jesus said, "Those who declare publicly that they belong to me,
I will do the same for them before my Father in heaven. But those
who reject me publicly, I will reject before my Father in heaven."

Matthew 10,32-33

ABBREVIATIONS

Anc.Gk. = Ancient Greek (700 B.C. - 450 A.D.)
Av. = Avestan (600 B.C. - 400 B.C.)
E.Mod.W. = Early Modern Welsh (1450 - 1600)
K.K. = Kernewek Kemmyn - "Common Cornish" (1986 - 2008)
Lat. = Latin (75 B.C. - 250 A.D.)
Lt.C. = Late Cornish (1600 - 1891)
Lt.I.E. = Late Indo-European (2,500 B.C. - 2,000 B.C.)
M.Br. = Middle Breton (1100 - 1650)
M.C. = Middle Cornish (1200 - 1600)
M.Du. = Middle Dutch (1150 - 1500)
M.Eng. = Middle English (1150 - 1450)
M.H.G. = Middle High German (1050 - 1350)
M.L.G. = Middle Low German (1200 - 1600)
M.Sc. = Middle Scots (1450 - 1700)
M.W. = Middle Welsh (1200 - 1450)
N.T.A. = New Testament Aramaic (1st century A.D.)
O.Alb. = Old Albanian (1284 - 1908)
O.Arm. = Old Armenian (450 - 1050)
O.Br. = Old Breton (800 - 1100)
O.C. = Old Cornish (850- 1200)
O.C.S. = Old Church Slavonic (850 - 1050)
O.Cat. = Old Catalan (850 - 1550)
O.Dan. = Old Danish (1100 - 1536)
O.Du. = Old Dutch (450 - 1150)
O.Eng. = Old English (650 - 1150)
O.Fr. = Old French (750 - 1350)
O.Fris. = Old Frisian (750 - 1500)
O.Gal./Port. = Old Galician / Old Portuguese (775 - 1050)
O.H.G. = Old High German (400 - 1050)
O.Ir. = Old Irish (550 - 950)
O.It. = Old Italian (1150 - 1350)
O.N. = Old Norse (750 - 1350)
O.N.F. = Old Norman French (1000 - 1450)
O.Nth. = Old Northumbrian (650 - 1000)
O.Pol. = Old Polish (950 - 1550)
O.Pr. = Old Provençal (900 - 1400)
O.Sax. = Old Saxon (750 - 1150)
O.Sp. = Old Spanish (950 - 1400)
O.Sw. = Old Swedish (1225 - 1526)
O.T.H. = Old Testament Hebrew (1200 B.C. - 200 A.D.)
O.W. = Old Welsh (800 - 1200)
Pa. = Pali (50 B.C. - 400 A.D.)
Pr.Alb. = Proto-Albanian
Pr.Arm. = Proto-Armenian (c.1200 B.C.)
Pr.Brit. = Proto-Brittonic (500 B.C. - 550 A.D.)
Pr.Clt. = Proto-Celtic (1300 B.C. - 800 B.C.)
Pr.Fi. = Proto-Finnic (1200 B.C. - 800 A.D.)
Pr.Gmc. = Proto-Germanic (500 B.C. - 150 A.D.)
Pr.I.E. = Proto-Indo-European (4,500 B.C. - 2,500 B.C.)
Pr.It. = Proto-Italic (1,700 B.C. - 700 B.C.)
Pr.Sem. = Proto-Semitic (3,500 B.C.)
Pr.Ug. = Proto-Ugric (2000 B.C. - 1000 B.C.)
Pr.Ur. = Proto-Uralic (pre-2000 B.C.)
Pr.W.Gmc. = Proto-West Germanic (150 A.D. - 400 A.D.)
Rec.Br. = Recent Breton (pre-1941)
Rec.Dan. = Recent Danish (pre-1948)
Rec.Ir. = Recent Irish (pre-1947)
Skt. = Sanskrit (1,500 B.C. - 500 B.C.)
Uni.C. = Unified Cornish (1929 - 2008)
V.Lat. = Vulgar Latin (50 B.C. - 650 A.D.)

* = hypothetical, reconstructed

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