How the word for Beard has changed

The origin and history of some of the European / Indo-European words for beard

B ← A indicates that the word in language B has evolved directly
from a word in language A, or at least a very similar language. For
example, Persian did not evolve directly from Avestan, but the Old
Persian texts lack the more extensive vocabulary of the similar
Avestan language. Alternatively, the word could be borrowed
from another language. English is full of words borrowed from
Old French.

Abbreviations at bottom of page
* = hypothetical, reconstructed

GERMANIC
WEST GERMANIC

English

beard ← M.Eng. berd ← O.Eng. beard ← Pr.W.Gmc. *bard ← Pr.Gmc. *bardaz, *ƀarđaz ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Scots

baird ← M.Sc. berd ← Pr.W.Gmc. *bard ← Pr.Gmc. *bardaz, *ƀarđaz ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Frisian
   North Frisian
      (Island)

Biirt ← O.Fris. berd ← Pr.W.Gmc. *bard ← Pr.Gmc. *bardaz, *ƀarđaz ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

   North Frisian
      (Mainland)

bjard ← O.Fris. berd ← Pr.W.Gmc. *bard ← Pr.Gmc. *bardaz, *ƀarđaz ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

   East Frisian

Boart ← O.Fris. berd ← Pr.W.Gmc. *bard ← Pr.Gmc. *bardaz, *ƀarđaz ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

   West Frisian

burd ← O.Fris. berd ← Pr.W.Gmc. *bard ← Pr.Gmc. *bardaz, *ƀarđaz ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Dutch

baard ← M.Du. baert ← Pr.W.Gmc. *bard ← Pr.Gmc. *bardaz, *ƀarđaz ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Afrikaans

baard ← Dutch baard ← M.Du. baert ← Pr.W.Gmc. *bard ← Pr.Gmc. *bardaz, *ƀarđaz ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Plattdeutsch

Boort ← M.L.G. bart ← O.Sax. bard ← Pr.W.Gmc. *bard ← Pr.Gmc. *bardaz, *ƀarđaz ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

East Friesland Platt

Baart ← M.L.G. bart ← O.Sax. bard ← Pr.W.Gmc. *bard ← Pr.Gmc. *bardaz, *ƀarđaz ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Kölsch (Cologne)

Baat ← M.L.G. bart ← O.Sax. bard ← Pr.W.Gmc. *bard ← Pr.Gmc. *bardaz, *ƀarđaz ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Luxemburgish

Baart ← M.H.G. bart ← O.H.G. bart ← Pr.W.Gmc. *bard ← Pr.Gmc. *bardaz, *ƀarđaz ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Moselle Platt Lorraine

   . . . .

Rhine Platt Lorraine

   . . . .

German

Bart ← M.H.G. bart ← O.H.G. bart ← Pr.W.Gmc. *bard ← Pr.Gmc. *bardaz, *ƀarđaz ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Yiddish

bord ← M.H.G. bart ← O.H.G. bart ← Pr.W.Gmc. *bard ← Pr.Gmc. *bardaz, *ƀarđaz ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Alsace German

   . . . .

Swiss German

Baart ← M.H.G. bart ← O.H.G. bart ← Pr.W.Gmc. *bard ← Pr.Gmc. *bardaz, *ƀarđaz ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Swabian

Bard ← M.H.G. bart ← O.H.G. bart ← Pr.W.Gmc. *bard ← Pr.Gmc. *bardaz, *ƀarđaz ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Bavarian

Bart ← M.H.G. bart ← O.H.G. bart ← Pr.W.Gmc. *bard ← Pr.Gmc. *bardaz, *ƀarđaz ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

NORTH GERMANIC

Icelandic

skegg ← O.N. skegg ← Pr.Gmc. *skagja ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Faroese

skegg ← O.N. skegg ← Pr.Gmc. *skagja ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Norwegian (Nynorsk)

skjegg ← O.N. skegg ← Pr.Gmc. *skagja ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Norwegian

skjegg ← Rec.Dan. Skæg ← O.N. skegg ← Pr.Gmc. *skagja ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Danish

skæg ← Rec.Dan. Skæg ← O.N. skegg ← Pr.Gmc. *skagja ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Swedish

skägg ← O.Sw. skæg ← O.N. skegg ← Pr.Gmc. *skagja ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

EAST GERMANIC

Gothic (extinct)

- - - -

CELTIC
GOIDELIC

Irish

féasóg ← Rec.Ir. féasóg ← O.Ir. fésóc ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Scottish Gaelic

feusag ← O.Ir. fésóc ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Manx

faasaag ← O.Ir. fésóc ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

BRITTONIC

Welsh

barf ← E.Mod.W. barf ← M.W. baryf ← Pr.Brit. *barb, *barba ( ← Lat. barba)

Cornish

barv ← K.K. barv ← Uni.C. barf ← Lt.C. bar ← M.C. barf [?] ← O.C. baref ← Pr.Brit. *barb, *barba ( ← Lat. barba)

Breton

barv ← Rec.Br. barv ← M.Br. barff ← O.Br. barb ← Pr.Brit. *barb, *barba ( ← Lat. barba)

GAULISH

Gaulish (extinct)

- - - -

ROMANCE
WEST ROMANCE

Walloon

båbe ← O.Fr. barbe ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Picard

   . . . .

Guernsey French

barbe ← O.N.F. barbe ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Jersey French

barbe ← O.N.F. barbe ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Gallo

barbe ← O.Fr. barbe ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

French

barbe ← O.Fr. barbe ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Haitian Creole

bab ← French barbe ← O.Fr. barbe ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Auvergnat

barba ← O.Pr. barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Gascon

barba ← O.Pr. barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Aranese

barba ← O.Pr. barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Aragonese

barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Asturian

barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Galician

barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Portuguese

barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Spanish

barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh

Valencian

barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Catalan

barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Occitan

barba ← O.Pr. barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Provençal

barbo ← O.Pr. barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Francoprovençal

bârba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Romansch

barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

    Sursilvan Romansch

barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

    Sutsilvan Romansch

barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

    Surmiran Romansch

barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

    Upper Engadine Romansch

barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

    Lower Engadine Romansch

barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Ladin

berba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Friulan

barbe ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Monégasque

barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Ligurian

barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Piedmontese

barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Lombard

bárba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Emilian

bèrba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Venetian

barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

ITALO-ROMANCE

Italian

barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh

Corsican

barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh

Neapolitan

vàrva ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh

Sicilian

varva ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh

BALKAN ROMANCE

Romanian

barbă ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh

SOUTHERN ROMANCE

Sardinian

barba ← Lat. barbam, barba ← Pr.It. *farβā ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh

GREEK

Greek

yeniádha ← Anc.Gk. pōgōn, geneias ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh

ANATOLIAN

Hittite (extinct)

zamakur- ← Pr.I.E. *smoḱru-, *b^hh₂erd^heh

ARMENIAN

Western Armenian

moruk ← O.Arm. mōruk ← Pr.I.E. *smoḱru-, *b^hh₂erd^heh

Eastern Armenian

moruk ← O.Arm. mōruk ← Pr.I.E. *smoḱru-, *b^hh₂erd^heh

ALBANIAN

Albanian

mjekër ← Pr.Alb. *smekrā ← Pr.I.E. *smoḱru-, *b^hh₂erd^heh

IRANIAN

Persian

rish

Kurdish

rîşî

INDIC
NORTHERN INDIC

Nepali

dāri ← Pa. massu ← Skt. śmaśru- ← Pr.I.E. *smoḱru-, *b^hh₂erd^heh

WESTERN INDIC

Marathi

dāḍhī ← Pa. massu ← Skt. śmaśru- ← Pr.I.E. *smoḱru-, *b^hh₂erd^heh

CENTRAL INDIC

Hindi

ḍāṛhī ← Pa. massu ← Skt. śmaśru- ← Pr.I.E. *smoḱru-, *b^hh₂erd^heh

Urdu

ḍāṛhī ← Pa. massu ← Skt. śmaśru- ← Pr.I.E. *smoḱru-, *b^hh₂erd^heh

EASTERN INDIC

Bengali

daṛi ← Pa. massu ← Skt. śmaśru- ← Pr.I.E. *smoḱru-, *b^hh₂erd^heh

SOUTHERN INDIC

Sinhalese

rawula ← Pa. massu ← Skt. śmaśru- ← Pr.I.E. *smoḱru-, *b^hh₂erd^heh

SLAVIC
WEST SLAVIC

Kashubian

broda ← O.C.S. brada ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Polish

broda ← O.C.S. brada ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Lower Sorbian

broda ← O.C.S. brada ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Upper Sorbian

broda ← O.C.S. brada ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Czech

vousy ← O.C.S. brada ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Slovak

brada ← O.C.S. brada ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

SOUTH SLAVIC

Slovene

brada ← O.C.S. brada ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Croatian

brada ← O.C.S. brada ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Bosnian

brada ← O.C.S. brada ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Serbian

brada ← O.C.S. brada ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Macedonian

brada ← O.C.S. brada ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Bulgarian

brada ← O.C.S. brada ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

EAST SLAVIC

Russian

barada ← O.C.S. brada ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Belarusian

barada ← O.C.S. brada ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Ukrainian

boroda ← O.C.S. brada ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

BALTIC

Lithuanian

bardza ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

Latvian

bārda ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā ← Pr.I.E. *b^hh₂erd^heh₂

FINNO-UGRIAN

Estonian

habe

Finnish

parta ← Pr.Fi. *parta ( ← Lt.I.E. *bhardhā)

Sami

skávžá

Erzya

sakalo ← Proto-Turkic *sakal

Komi (Zyrian)

toš

Mansi (Vogul)

   . . . .

Hungarian

szakáll

BASQUE

Basque

bizar

SEMITIC

Arabic

lihya

Hebrew

sakan ← O.T.H. zāqān

Aramaic

diqna

Babylonian (extinct)

- - - -

TURKIC

Turkish

sakal ← Proto-Turkic *sakal

Azerbaijani

saqqal ← Proto-Turkic *sakal

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Bits

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Why Does God Let Bad Things Happen To Good People?
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Pain and Injustice In The World
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The Universe Was Created In Six Days - True or False?
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Did God Betray My Trust?
God Allows So Much Suffering In The World - True or False?
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What's Missing?

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Luke 3,11

ABBREVIATIONS

Anc.Gk. = Ancient Greek (700 B.C. - 450 A.D.)
Av. = Avestan (600 B.C. - 400 B.C.)
E.Mod.W. = Early Modern Welsh (1450 - 1600)
K.K. = Kernewek Kemmyn - "Common Cornish" (1986 - 2008)
Lat. = Latin (75 B.C. - 250 A.D.)
Lt.C. = Late Cornish (1600 - 1891)
Lt.I.E. = Late Indo-European (2,500 B.C. - 2,000 B.C.)
M.Br. = Middle Breton (1100 - 1650)
M.C. = Middle Cornish (1200 - 1600)
M.Du. = Middle Dutch (1150 - 1500)
M.Eng. = Middle English (1150 - 1450)
M.H.G. = Middle High German (1050 - 1350)
M.L.G. = Middle Low German (1200 - 1600)
M.Sc. = Middle Scots (1450 - 1700)
M.W. = Middle Welsh (1200 - 1450)
N.T.A. = New Testament Aramaic (1st century A.D.)
O.Alb. = Old Albanian (1284 - 1908)
O.Arm. = Old Armenian (450 - 1050)
O.Br. = Old Breton (800 - 1100)
O.C. = Old Cornish (850- 1200)
O.C.S. = Old Church Slavonic (850 - 1050)
O.Cat. = Old Catalan (850 - 1550)
O.Dan. = Old Danish (1100 - 1536)
O.Du. = Old Dutch (450 - 1150)
O.Eng. = Old English (650 - 1150)
O.Fr. = Old French (750 - 1350)
O.Fris. = Old Frisian (750 - 1500)
O.Gal./Port. = Old Galician / Old Portuguese (775 - 1050)
O.H.G. = Old High German (400 - 1050)
O.Ir. = Old Irish (550 - 950)
O.It. = Old Italian (1150 - 1350)
O.N. = Old Norse (750 - 1350)
O.N.F. = Old Norman French (1000 - 1450)
O.Nth. = Old Northumbrian (650 - 1000)
O.Pol. = Old Polish (950 - 1550)
O.Pr. = Old Provençal (900 - 1400)
O.Sax. = Old Saxon (750 - 1150)
O.Sp. = Old Spanish (950 - 1400)
O.Sw. = Old Swedish (1225 - 1526)
O.T.H. = Old Testament Hebrew (1200 B.C. - 200 A.D.)
O.W. = Old Welsh (800 - 1200)
Pa. = Pali (50 B.C. - 400 A.D.)
Pr.Alb. = Proto-Albanian
Pr.Arm. = Proto-Armenian (c.1200 B.C.)
Pr.Brit. = Proto-Brittonic (500 B.C. - 550 A.D.)
Pr.Clt. = Proto-Celtic (1300 B.C. - 800 B.C.)
Pr.Fi. = Proto-Finnic (1200 B.C. - 800 A.D.)
Pr.Gmc. = Proto-Germanic (500 B.C. - 150 A.D.)
Pr.I.E. = Proto-Indo-European (4,500 B.C. - 2,500 B.C.)
Pr.It. = Proto-Italic (1,700 B.C. - 700 B.C.)
Pr.Sem. = Proto-Semitic (3,500 B.C.)
Pr.Ug. = Proto-Ugric (2000 B.C. - 1000 B.C.)
Pr.Ur. = Proto-Uralic (pre-2000 B.C.)
Pr.W.Gmc. = Proto-West Germanic (150 A.D. - 400 A.D.)
Rec.Br. = Recent Breton (pre-1941)
Rec.Dan. = Recent Danish (pre-1948)
Rec.Ir. = Recent Irish (pre-1947)
Skt. = Sanskrit (1,500 B.C. - 500 B.C.)
Uni.C. = Unified Cornish (1929 - 2008)
V.Lat. = Vulgar Latin (50 B.C. - 650 A.D.)

* = hypothetical, reconstructed

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