How the word for Alive has changed

The origin and history of some of the European / Indo-European words for alive

B ← A indicates that the word in language B has evolved directly
from a word in language A, or at least a very similar language. For
example, Persian did not evolve directly from Avestan, but the Old
Persian texts lack the more extensive vocabulary of the similar
Avestan language. Alternatively, the word could be borrowed
from another language. English is full of words borrowed from
Old French.

Abbreviations at bottom of page
* = hypothetical, reconstructed

GERMANIC
WEST GERMANIC

English

alive ← M.Eng. quik ← O.Eng. cwic ← Pr.W.Gmc. *kwikw ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Scots

alive ← M.Sc. alyve ← O.Nth. lifigende ← Pr.W.Gmc. *kwikw ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Frisian
   North Frisian
      (Island)

leewentig ← O.Fris. quik ← Pr.W.Gmc. *kwikw ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

   North Frisian
      (Helgoland)

leäbendi ← O.Fris. quik ← Pr.W.Gmc. *kwikw ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

   North Frisian
      (Mainland)

lääwenti ← O.Fris. quik ← Pr.W.Gmc. *kwikw ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

   East Frisian

lieuwend ← O.Fris. quik ← Pr.W.Gmc. *kwikw ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

   West Frisian

libben ← O.Fris. quik ← Pr.W.Gmc. *kwikw ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Dutch

levend ← M.Du. quic ← O.Du. quic ← Pr.W.Gmc. *kwikw ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Afrikaans

lewendig ← Dutch levend ← M.Du. quic ← O.Du. quic ← Pr.W.Gmc. *kwikw ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Plattdeutsch

an ’t Leben ← M.L.G. lêvendich ← O.Sax. quik ← Pr.W.Gmc. *kwikw ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

East Friesland Platt

lebennig ← M.L.G. lêvendich ← O.Sax. quik ← Pr.W.Gmc. *kwikw ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Kölsch (Cologne)

lebendig ← M.L.G. lêvendich ← O.Sax. quik ← Pr.W.Gmc. *kwikw ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Luxemburgish

lieweg ← M.H.G. lebendic ← O.H.G. lebentîg, quec ← Pr.W.Gmc. *kwikw ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Moselle Platt Lorraine

   . . . .

Rhine Platt Lorraine

   . . . .

German

lebendig ← M.H.G. lebendic ← O.H.G. lebentîg, quec ← Pr.W.Gmc. *kwikw ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Yiddish

lebedik ← M.H.G. lebendic ← O.H.G. lebentîg, quec ← Pr.W.Gmc. *kwikw ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Alsace German

làwendig ← M.H.G. lebendic ← O.H.G. lebentîg, quec ← Pr.W.Gmc. *kwikw ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Swiss German

läbig ← M.H.G. lebendic ← O.H.G. lebentîg, quec ← Pr.W.Gmc. *kwikw ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Swabian

lebendich ← M.H.G. lebendic ← O.H.G. lebentîg, quec ← Pr.W.Gmc. *kwikw ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Bavarian

lebendig ← M.H.G. lebendic ← O.H.G. lebentîg, quec ← Pr.W.Gmc. *kwikw ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

NORTH GERMANIC

Icelandic

lifandi ← O.N. kvikr ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Faroese

livandi ← O.N. kvikr ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Norwegian (Nynorsk)

levande ← O.N. kvikr ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Norwegian

levende ← Rec.Dan. levende ← O.N. kvikr ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Danish

levende ← Rec.Dan. levende ← O.N. kvikr ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Swedish

levande ← O.N. kvikr ← Pr.Gmc. *kwikwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

EAST GERMANIC

Gothic (extinct)

qius ← Pr.Gmc. *kwiwaz ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

CELTIC
GOIDELIC

Irish

beo ← Rec.Ir. beo ← O.Ir. béo ← Pr.Clt. *biuos ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Scottish Gaelic

beò ← O.Ir. béo ← Pr.Clt. *biuos ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Manx

bio ← O.Ir. béo ← Pr.Clt. *biuos ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

BRITTONIC

Welsh

byw ← E.Mod.W. byw ← M.W. byw ← Pr.Brit. *biu, *biuos ← Pr.Clt. *biuos ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Cornish

byw ← K.K. byw ← Uni.C. bew ← Lt.C. bew ← M.C. byw ← O.C. biu ← Pr.Brit. *biu, *biuos ← Pr.Clt. *biuos ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Breton

bev ← Rec.Br. beo ← M.Br. beu ← O.Br. biu ← Pr.Brit. *biu, *biuos ← Pr.Clt. *biuos ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

GAULISH

Gaulish (extinct)

- - - -

ROMANCE
WEST ROMANCE

Walloon

vicant ← O.Fr. vif ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Picard

   . . . .

Guernsey French

vivànt ← O.N.F. vif ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Jersey French

vivant ← O.N.F. vif ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Gallo

vioche ← O.Fr. vif ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

French

vivant ← O.Fr. vif ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Haitian Creole

vivan ← French vivant ← O.Fr. vif ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Auvergnat

   . . . .

Gascon

   . . . .

Aranese

viu ← O.Pr. viu ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Aragonese

vivo ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Asturian

vivu ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Galician

vivo ← O.Gal./Port. vivo ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Portuguese

vivo ← O.Gal./Port. vivo ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Spanish

vivo ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Valencian

viu ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Catalan

viu ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Occitan

viu ← O.Pr. viu ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Provençal

viéu ← O.Pr. viu ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Francoprovençal

viv ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Romansch

viv ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

    Sursilvan Romansch

viv ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

    Sutsilvan Romansch

viv ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

    Surmiran Romansch

veiv ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

    Upper Engadine Romansch

viv ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

    Lower Engadine Romansch

viv ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Ladin

vif ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Friulan

vîv ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Monégasque

vivu ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Ligurian

vivo ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Piedmontese

viv ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Lombard

vív ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Emilian

vîv ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Venetian

vivo ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

ITALO-ROMANCE

Italian

vivo ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Corsican

vivu ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Neapolitan

   . . . .

Sicilian

vivu ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

DALMATIAN ROMANCE

Vegliot

vei ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

BALKAN ROMANCE

Romanian

viu ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

SOUTHERN ROMANCE

Sardinian

bibu ← Lat. vivum, vivus ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

GREEK

Greek

zontanós ← Anc.Gk. dzōos

ANATOLIAN

Hittite (extinct)

huiswant

ARMENIAN

Western Armenian

voghč ← O.Arm. ołĵ ← Pr.I.E. *solwyo-

Eastern Armenian

voghč ← O.Arm. ołĵ ← Pr.I.E. *solwyo-

ALBANIAN

Albanian

gjallë ← Pr.Alb. *g'alwa-, *salwa- ← Pr.I.E. *solh₂wós

Kosovo Albanian

   . . . .

IRANIAN

Persian

zende ← Av. ĵiva- ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Kurdish

jîndar ← Av. ĵiva- ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Pashto

jzarandaey ← Av. ĵiva- ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

INDIC
NORTHERN INDIC

Nepali

jīvit ← Pa. sajīva ← Skt. jīv- ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

WESTERN INDIC

Romani

jivdo ← Pa. sajīva ← Skt. jīv- ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Marathi

jiwaṅt ← Pa. sajīva ← Skt. jīv- ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Gujarati

jiwatuṅ ← Pa. sajīva ← Skt. jīv- ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

CENTRAL INDIC

Hindi

zindā, jīvit ← Pa. sajīva ← Skt. jīv- ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Urdu

zindā ← Pa. sajīva ← Skt. jīv- ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

EASTERN INDIC

Bengali

jento, jibitō ← Pa. sajīva ← Skt. jīv- ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

SOUTHERN INDIC

Sinhalese

jīwatwanawa ← Pa. sajīva ← Skt. jīv- ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

SLAVIC
WEST SLAVIC

Kashubian

   . . . .

Polish

żywy ← O.C.S. živŭ ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Lower Sorbian

žywy ← O.C.S. živŭ ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Upper Sorbian

žiwy ← O.C.S. živŭ ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Czech

živý ← O.C.S. živŭ ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Slovak

živý ← O.C.S. živŭ ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

SOUTH SLAVIC

Slovene

živ ← O.C.S. živŭ ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Croatian

živ ← O.C.S. živŭ ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Bosnian

živ ← O.C.S. živŭ ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Serbian

živ ← O.C.S. živŭ ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Macedonian

živ ← O.C.S. živŭ ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Bulgarian

žīv ← O.C.S. živŭ ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

EAST SLAVIC

Russian

živoj ← O.C.S. živŭ ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Belarusian

žŭvuj ← O.C.S. živŭ ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Ukrainian

žŭwij ← O.C.S. živŭ ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

BALTIC

Lithuanian

gyvas ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

Latvian

dzīvs ← Lt.I.E. *g^wīwos ← Pr.I.E. *g^wih₃wós

FINNO-UGRIAN

Estonian

elus, elav

Finnish

elossa

Sami

eal'li

Erzya

   . . . .

Komi (Zyrian)

   . . . .

Mansi (Vogul)

   . . . .

Hungarian

élő, eleven

BASQUE

Basque

bizi

SEMITIC

Maltese

ħaj

Arabic

ḥaiy

Hebrew

ḥay ← O.T.H. ḥay

Aramaic

ḥaya ← N.T.A. ḥayā’

Babylonian (extinct)

balṭu

TURKIC

Turkish

canlı

Azerbaijani

canlı

My other websites:
Languages of the World
New Nutshell
Christianity in a Nutshell

My wife's websites:
Meaning of Life
Bits

I’d like to share with you why I think Christianity is such a great religion. A person who lives to 70 has a life of 613,200 hours. Christianity promises that the next life will be in ideal surroundings with friendly, happy people. There will be perfect health and no crime. Of course you’re free to reject the offer of eternal life.

Isn’t it worth, though, spending at least part of one of your 613,200 hours just checking it out. Then if you reject it, at least you’ll have made an informed decision. Is it just possible that your world view could be wrong and Christianity might actually be true? Where would that leave you if you choose to turn down the offer of heaven?

Why Does God Let Bad Things Happen To Good People?
Your Race, Gender And Sexuality Are Irrelevant To God - True or False?
Near Death Experiences
Objections To Christianity
Some Parables and Sayings of Jesus
God Is Uncaring - True or False?
Pain and Injustice In The World
It’s Ok to Blame God For Floods and Famines - True or False?
My Favourite Bible Quotations
The Universe Was Created In Six Days - True or False?
What Makes Christianity Unique Among Religions?
Did God Betray My Trust?
God Allows So Much Suffering In The World - True or False?
The Easy Way To Pray
Who Jesus Is
The Appeal Of Being A Christian
What Faith Is
Does the God of Love Really Send People to Hell?
Did Adam and Eve Really Exist?

Quotations

These are some of my wife's thoughts and ideas:

Believe and Receive
Be Thankful
Change of Heart
Defining Hope
Endless Joy
Fork in the Road
God is not Deaf
Hurting World
Into the Light
Just say Yes
New Life
Put Him First
Ready for Anything
Salvation
Sheep and Lambs
The Best Gift
The Centre
The Gospels
The Reality of Jesus

What's Missing?

Jesus said, "Do not judge others, so that God will not judge you,
for God will judge you in the same way you judge others, and he
will apply to you the same rules you apply to others."

Matthew 7,1-2

ABBREVIATIONS

Anc.Gk. = Ancient Greek (700 B.C. - 450 A.D.)
Av. = Avestan (600 B.C. - 400 B.C.)
E.Mod.W. = Early Modern Welsh (1450 - 1600)
K.K. = Kernewek Kemmyn - "Common Cornish" (1986 - 2008)
Lat. = Latin (75 B.C. - 250 A.D.)
Lt.C. = Late Cornish (1600 - 1891)
Lt.I.E. = Late Indo-European (2,500 B.C. - 2,000 B.C.)
M.Br. = Middle Breton (1100 - 1650)
M.C. = Middle Cornish (1200 - 1600)
M.Du. = Middle Dutch (1150 - 1500)
M.Eng. = Middle English (1150 - 1450)
M.H.G. = Middle High German (1050 - 1350)
M.L.G. = Middle Low German (1200 - 1600)
M.Sc. = Middle Scots (1450 - 1700)
M.W. = Middle Welsh (1200 - 1450)
N.T.A. = New Testament Aramaic (1st century A.D.)
O.Alb. = Old Albanian (1284 - 1908)
O.Arm. = Old Armenian (450 - 1050)
O.Br. = Old Breton (800 - 1100)
O.C. = Old Cornish (850- 1200)
O.C.S. = Old Church Slavonic (850 - 1050)
O.Cat. = Old Catalan (850 - 1550)
O.Dan. = Old Danish (1100 - 1536)
O.Du. = Old Dutch (450 - 1150)
O.Eng. = Old English (650 - 1150)
O.Fr. = Old French (750 - 1350)
O.Fris. = Old Frisian (750 - 1500)
O.Gal./Port. = Old Galician / Old Portuguese (775 - 1050)
O.H.G. = Old High German (400 - 1050)
O.Ir. = Old Irish (550 - 950)
O.It. = Old Italian (1150 - 1350)
O.N. = Old Norse (750 - 1350)
O.N.F. = Old Norman French (1000 - 1450)
O.Nth. = Old Northumbrian (650 - 1000)
O.Pol. = Old Polish (950 - 1550)
O.Pr. = Old Provençal (900 - 1400)
O.Sax. = Old Saxon (750 - 1150)
O.Sp. = Old Spanish (950 - 1400)
O.Sw. = Old Swedish (1225 - 1526)
O.T.H. = Old Testament Hebrew (1200 B.C. - 200 A.D.)
O.W. = Old Welsh (800 - 1200)
Pa. = Pali (50 B.C. - 400 A.D.)
Pr.Alb. = Proto-Albanian
Pr.Arm. = Proto-Armenian (c.1200 B.C.)
Pr.Brit. = Proto-Brittonic (500 B.C. - 550 A.D.)
Pr.Clt. = Proto-Celtic (1300 B.C. - 800 B.C.)
Pr.Fi. = Proto-Finnic (1200 B.C. - 800 A.D.)
Pr.Gmc. = Proto-Germanic (500 B.C. - 150 A.D.)
Pr.I.E. = Proto-Indo-European (4,500 B.C. - 2,500 B.C.)
Pr.It. = Proto-Italic (1,700 B.C. - 700 B.C.)
Pr.Sem. = Proto-Semitic (3,500 B.C.)
Pr.Ug. = Proto-Ugric (2000 B.C. - 1000 B.C.)
Pr.Ur. = Proto-Uralic (pre-2000 B.C.)
Pr.W.Gmc. = Proto-West Germanic (150 A.D. - 400 A.D.)
Rec.Br. = Recent Breton (pre-1941)
Rec.Dan. = Recent Danish (pre-1948)
Rec.Ir. = Recent Irish (pre-1947)
Skt. = Sanskrit (1,500 B.C. - 500 B.C.)
Uni.C. = Unified Cornish (1929 - 2008)
V.Lat. = Vulgar Latin (50 B.C. - 650 A.D.)

* = hypothetical, reconstructed

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