B ← A indicates that the word in language B has evolved directly
from a word in language A, or at least a very similar language. For
example, Persian did not evolve directly from Avestan, but the Old
Persian texts lack the more extensive vocabulary of the similar
Avestan language. Alternatively, the word could be borrowed
from another language. English is full of words borrowed from
Old French.
Abbreviations at bottom of page
* = hypothetical, reconstructed
GERMANIC
WEST GERMANIC
English
finger ← M.Eng. finger ← O.Eng. finger ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
Scots
finger ← M.Sc. fynger ← O.Nth. fynger ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
Frisian
North Frisian
(Island)
Finger ← O.Fris. finger ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
North Frisian
(Helgoland)
Finger ← O.Fris. finger ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
North Frisian
(Mainland)
fainger ← O.Fris. finger ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
East Frisian
Finger ← O.Fris. finger ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
West Frisian
finger ← O.Fris. finger ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
Dutch
vinger ← M.Du. vingher ← O.Du. fingar ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
Afrikaans
vinger ← Dutch vinger ← M.Du. vingher ← O.Du. fingar ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
Plattdeutsch
Finger ← M.L.G. vinger ← O.Sax. fingar ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
East Friesland Platt
Finger ← M.L.G. vinger ← O.Sax. fingar ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
Kölsch (Cologne)
Finger ← M.L.G. vinger ← O.Sax. fingar ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
Luxemburgish
Fanger ← M.H.G. vinger ← O.H.G. fingar ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
Moselle Platt Lorraine
Fénger ← M.H.G. vinger ← O.H.G. fingar ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
Rhine Platt Lorraine
Fénger ← M.H.G. vinger ← O.H.G. fingar ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
German
Finger ← M.H.G. vinger ← O.H.G. fingar ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
Yiddish
finger ← M.H.G. vinger ← O.H.G. fingar ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
Alsace German
Finger ← M.H.G. vinger ← O.H.G. fingar ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
Swiss German
Finger ← M.H.G. vinger ← O.H.G. fingar ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
Swabian
Fingr ← M.H.G. vinger ← O.H.G. fingar ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
Bavarian
Glubbal ← M.H.G. vinger ← O.H.G. fingar ← Pr.W.Gmc. *fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
NORTH GERMANIC
Icelandic
fingur ← O.N. fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
Faroese
fingur ← O.N. fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
Norwegian (Nynorsk)
finger ← O.N. fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
Norwegian
finger ← Rec.Dan. Finger ← O.N. fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
Danish
finger ← Rec.Dan. Finger ← O.N. fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
Swedish
finger ← O.Sw. finger ← O.N. fingr ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
EAST GERMANIC
Gothic (extinct)
figgrs ← Pr.Gmc. *fingraz ← Lt.I.E. *penkwrós ← Pr.I.E. *penkwrós (*penkwe = five)
CELTIC
GOIDELIC
Irish
méar ← Rec.Ir. méar ← O.Ir. mér
Scottish Gaelic
corrag, meur ← O.Ir. mér
Manx
mair ← O.Ir. mér
BRITTONIC
Welsh
bys ← E.Mod.W. bys ← M.W. bys ← Pr.Clt. *bissis
Cornish
bys ← K.K. bys ← Uni.C. bys ← Lt.C. bez ← O.C. bis ← Pr.Clt. *bissis
Breton
biz ← Rec.Br. biz ← M.Br. bis ← O.Br. bis ← Pr.Clt. *bissis
GAULISH
Gaulish (extinct)
- - - -
ROMANCE
WEST ROMANCE
Walloon
doet ← O.Fr. deit ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Picard
doét ← O.Fr. deit ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Guernsey French
deigt ← O.N.F. dei ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Jersey French
dé ← O.N.F. dei ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Gallo
dai ← O.Fr. deit ← Lat. digitum, digitus
French
doigt ← O.Fr. deit ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Haitian Creole
dwèt ← French doigt ← O.Fr. deit ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Auvergnat
det ← O.Pr. detz ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Gascon
dit ← O.Pr. detz ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Aranese
dit ← O.Pr. detz ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Aragonese
dido ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Asturian
deu ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Galician
dedo ← O.Gal./Port. dedo ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Portuguese
dedo ← O.Gal./Port. dedo ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Spanish
dedo ← O.Sp. dedo ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Valencian
dit ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Catalan
dit ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Occitan
det ← O.Pr. detz ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Provençal
det ← O.Pr. detz ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Francoprovençal
dêt ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Romansch
det ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Sursilvan Romansch
det ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Sutsilvan Romansch
det ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Surmiran Romansch
det ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Upper Engadine Romansch
daunt ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Lower Engadine Romansch
daint ← Lat. digitum, digitus Note: "daint" (finger) is a different word from "daint" (tooth)
Ladin
deit ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Friulan
dêt ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Monégasque
diu ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Ligurian
dïo ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Piedmontese
dil ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Lombard
díd ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Emilian
dîd ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Venetian
déo ← Lat. digitum, digitus
ITALO-ROMANCE
Italian
dito ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Corsican
ditu ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Neapolitan
dìto ← Lat. digitum, digitus
Sicilian
íditu ← Lat. digitum, digitus
DALMATIAN ROMANCE
Vegliot
detco ← Lat. digitum, digitus
BALKAN ROMANCE
Romanian
deget ← Lat. digitum, digitus
SOUTHERN ROMANCE
Sardinian
didu ← Lat. digitum, digitus
GREEK
Greek
dhákhtilo ← Anc.Gk. daktulos
ANATOLIAN
Hittite (extinct)
kalulupa-
ARMENIAN
Western Armenian
mad ← O.Arm. matn
Eastern Armenian
mat ← O.Arm. matn
ALBANIAN
Albanian
gisht ← O.Alb. gjisht, glisht ← Pr.Alb. *glista
Kosovo Albanian
gisht ← O.Alb. gjisht, glisht ← Pr.Alb. *glista
IRANIAN
Persian
angosht ← Av. angušta-
Kurdish
tilî ← Av. angušta-
Pashto
gūta’h ← Av. angušta-
INDIC
NORTHERN INDIC
Nepali
aunla ← Pa. aṅguli ← Skt. aṅguli-
WESTERN INDIC
Romani
angushtu ← Pa. aṅguli ← Skt. aṅguli-
Marathi
boṭ ← Pa. aṅguli ← Skt. aṅguli-
Gujarati
āṅgali ← Pa. aṅguli ← Skt. aṅguli-
CENTRAL INDIC
Hindi
unglī ← Pa. aṅguli ← Skt. aṅguli-
Urdu
unglī ← Pa. aṅguli ← Skt. aṅguli-
EASTERN INDIC
Bengali
angul ← Pa. aṅguli ← Skt. aṅguli-
SOUTHERN INDIC
Sinhalese
aṅgilya ← Pa. aṅguli ← Skt. aṅguli-
SLAVIC
WEST SLAVIC
Kashubian
palc ← O.C.S. palĭcĭ
Polish
palec ← O.C.S. palĭcĭ
Lower Sorbian
palc ← O.C.S. palĭcĭ
Upper Sorbian
porst ← O.C.S. prŭstŭ
Czech
prst ← O.C.S. prŭstŭ
Slovak
prst ← O.C.S. prŭstŭ
SOUTH SLAVIC
Slovene
prst ← O.C.S. prŭstŭ
Croatian
prst ← O.C.S. prŭstŭ
Bosnian
prst ← O.C.S. prŭstŭ
Serbian
prst ← O.C.S. prŭstŭ
Macedonian
prst ← O.C.S. prŭstŭ
Bulgarian
prŭst ← O.C.S. prŭstŭ
EAST SLAVIC
Russian
paljec ← O.C.S. palĭcĭ
Belarusian
palec ← O.C.S. palĭcĭ
Ukrainian
palec ← O.C.S. palĭcĭ
BALTIC
Lithuanian
pirštas
Latvian
pirksts
FINNO-UGRIAN
Estonian
sõrm ← Pr.Fi. *sormi ← Pr.Ur. *sorme
Finnish
sormi ← Pr.Fi.*sormi ← Pr.Ur. *sorme
Sami
suorbma ← Pr.Ur. *sorme
Erzya
sur ← Pr.Ur. *sorme
Komi (Zyrian)
čun’
Mansi (Vogul)
tulja
Hungarian
ujj ← Pr.Ur. *suwd’a
BASQUE
Basque